Natural Law, Rationality and the Social Contract Essay

Each day, billions of people throughout the world affirm their commitment to a specific idea; to be part of a society. While this social contract is often overlooked by most citizens, their agreement to it nevertheless has far-reaching consequences. Being a member of society entails relinquishing self-autonomy to a higher authority, whose aim should be to promote the overall good of the populace. While making this decision to become part of a commonwealth is usually performed without explicit deliberation, there is a common consensus amongst philosophers that something unique to the human experience is the driving force behind this decision. Contained within this something are highly contested points of debate amongst both past and†¦show more content†¦Aquinas believed that God allowed the realization of natural laws to be derived from eternal laws through the rationality that He gave His creations. Aquinas stated that â€Å"the natural law is promulgated by God when he imp lants it in the minds of human beings so that they know it by nature,† (Aquinas, page 16). Aquinas devised that all laws fell into specific categories that were ordered relative to their distance from God’s eternal law. The importance of natural law for Aquinas was found within what it provided to humanity; the guidance from God on what should be considered good or evil. Quoting Romans 2:14, Aquinas noted that â€Å"although they do not have the written law, they have a natural law, whereby each of them understands and is conscious of good and evil,† (Aquinas, page 18). This knowledge was twofold according to Aquinas; it provided mankind with the general guidance that God wanted us to follow (the primary percepts) and allowed for the creation of more specific human law (the secondary precepts). He stated â€Å"†¦human reason needs to advance from the precepts of the natural law, as general and indemonstrable first principles, to matters that are to be more particularly regulated,† (Aquinas, page 19). Thus, Aquinas saw natural law as the product of utilizing reason to decipher God’s commands from eternal law, which in turnShow MoreRelatedSocial Contract Theory: Natural Rights and Personhood Within Democracy 1387 Words   |  6 PagesPersonhood is a central issue within ethics and natural rights debates. For any theory of ethics or system of declaring natural rights which purports how man should be treated and/or to what rights he is so entitled must begin with what ‘man’ is. There is no doubt man has an inherent value that entities such as flies and trees lack. This value does not come from mere physical form, but from what comprises personhood; because these things can be separated from our physical form they can fail to beRead MoreLiberal Ideas Of Equality And The Right Of Law1591 Words   |  7 PagesLiberal ideas of equality and the right of law may be normative to this current epoch but these ideas w ere considered radical at their time (Fielding et al. 2009, p. 127). Rising to prominence during the 18th century Enlightenment, liberal ideas has roots in the period of the protestant reformation in the 16th century, with ideas of increased importance and faith in the individual and his rationality in opposition to the central authority of the Catholic Church (Fielding et al., 2009, p. 106).Read MoreEssay on Modern Western Political Thought1157 Words   |  5 Pagesis born free, and everywhere he is in chains.† with this now famous quotation Jean- Jacque Rousseau begins his work The Social Contract. 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Locke and Rousseau agree that the best state is the freest, and that the purpose of a social contract ought to be toRead MoreThomas Hobbes And The Social Contract3563 Words   |  15 PagesThomas Hobbes (1588-1679), an English philosopher published the work, Leviathan, which proposed the concept of the social contract, in which societal assimilation mandates submission to authoritarian rule, with a relinquishment of certain rights, in return for protection and aid. Hobbes offered a foundational premise for benefits that otherwise might be absent, if not for societal constructs. John Locke, another English philosopher published the Essay Concerning Human Understanding, which expoundedRead MoreThomas Hobbes Biography And View On Justice1447 Words   |  6 Pageseventually become a state of war of all against all. He attempted to justify the absolute power of the sovereign on the basis of a hypothetical social contract in w hich individuals seek to protect themselves from one another by agreeing to obey the sovereign in all matters. The key element in Hobbes’s view on human nature was the importance of desires. He believes Law is the regulation over human kind`s essential selfishness. His works are considered important statements of the nascent ideas of liberalismRead MoreThe Natural State Of Man910 Words   |  4 PagesThe natural state of man has been a reoccurring theme when reviewing the history of political philosophy and theory. This study has helped societies develop laws and common goals. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) theory is still strikingly relevant in today’s law and order. His main concern was how people lived: how to avoid war since people lived in defensive fear. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) challenged Hobbes’s philosophy. He says, â€Å"The passage from the state of nature to the civil state producesRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Social Justice1507 Words   |  7 PagesEquality, fairness, and equal distribution are concepts that are embedded in social justice. Individuals living in harmony for mutual benefit living in a state of society are set out by social contract. This paper will firstly show, the background of the philosophy of social justice. Then it will focus on John Rawls Theory of Justice. Secondly, It addresses the stages of the Theory of Justice, It then historical nature of social justice in conjunction with western philosophy. Lastly it will look at theRead MoreHobbes And Rousseau s Views On The State Of Nature868 Words   |  4 Pagesin order to shield themselves from men’s natural state of misery and fear. On the other hand, Rousseau didn’t see it this way. Rousseau did not see this a valid argument because he believes that a man in a early natural state of mind is happier. 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Essential Journal One Free Essays

This paper will also validate what I have learnt by providing examples of personal or professional experiences as it relates to essentials I and II. Lastly this paper will describe future learning needs necessary to achieve each essential. Annihilation of Learning The past 1 7 months at Nova Southeastern has molded me in understanding why a BBS degree was/is the standard for entry into the nursing practice. We will write a custom essay sample on Essential Journal One or any similar topic only for you Order Now An associate degree in nursing (DAN) and diploma nurses came about due to the massive shortage that the nursing profession was facing. According to Alton (201 1) â€Å"one rational for the push for BBS nurses is because recent studies have indicated that there is decreased morbidity, mortality, and failure-to-rescue rates in hospitals that employ larger percentages of baccalaureate prepared nurse† (p. 257). Essential I Essential I talked about the liberal education for baccalaureate generalist nursing practice. According to the (American Association of College of Nursing CAN], (2008) â€Å"nursing graduates with a liberal education exercises clinical judgment, understanding the reasoning behind policies and standards, and respect responsibility for continued development of self and the discipline of nursing† (p. 1 1). Obtaining my BBS has shaped the way I View patient care especially in terms of the many theory developed by nursing theorist. Evidence base practice has given me the insight into better and safer patient care while being able to teach others about what I’ve learnt. Essential II Essential II talks about the basic organizational and systems leadership for quality care and patient safety. Courses taken like leadership, budget and pathologically has equipped us to be better leaders, given us a greater understanding of disease processes, organizational skills needed to manage units, and lastly explore the many ways to improve quality of care and patient safety. The CAN (2008) states that a â€Å"baccalaureate nursing graduates are distinguished by their abilities to identify, assess, and evaluate practice in care delivery models that are based in contemporary nursing science and are feasible within current culture, economic, organizational, and political prospective† (p. 13). Validation of Learning As patient acuity increases along with technological advances in healthcare, we as nurses need to be more educated in order to provide the best care possible to our patients. It is a disservice to our patients for nurses to be comfortable with a two year degree without thought of advancement. Yes a nurse is a nurse, but being well rounded with the educational knowledge needed to better solve complex problems, provide better leadership qualities, and understand evidence base practice is all part of the critical liberal education a BBS degree provides. Essential Example One of the most influential class think was my budget class. The number en reason for this was due to the lack of knowledge about the topic. After completing the course it has help me to realize just how integral each and every one of us are to the budget process. Understanding that healthcare is a business and every item that is used has a cost associated with it gives us the nurse a better awareness. Essential II Example Being able to differentiate between a good leader and a good manager, and learning what it takes to be both are some Of the things I have taken from my adhering class. Throughout my BBS journey Vive learned the reason why core measures were being done on my previous unit for each Congestive earth failure (CHEF) and Myocardial Infarction (MI) admission. Evidence base practice has help me to bridge the gap between nurse patient ratios and medication errors which as a AND nurse could not be conceptualized. Future Learning Needs As navigate through my last 3 course to becoming a Bachelor prepared nurse, believe these courses will provide me with the skills needed to easily adapt to any future learning need that will arise. Being a nurse requires a commitment to lifelong learning. Most if not all of the potential learning outcomes outlined in essential I and II have been reach or is in the process of Ewing reached, from each class I have taken at Nova Southeastern. Conclusion In the ever-changing world of healthcare, nurses need to be able to adapt and conform in order to keep up to the pace. According to Mugginess (2008) â€Å"research links BBS-educated Urns with improved patient outcomes† (p. 47). Research has shown that a BBS prepared nurse possess greater critical thinking skills thus better decision making which leads to a decrease risk of patient deaths and failure to rescue. Personally, having taken on the challenge to further my education has open many doors, along with awarding e greater insight to many processes involved in the ever changing healthcare arena. How to cite Essential Journal One, Papers

Was the Soviet Union Reformable free essay sample

The universal meaning of reform is not merely change, but change that betters people’s lives. † (Cohen, Stephen) In his book, Soviet Fates and Lost Alternatives, Steven Cohen addresses in details in chapter 4 about whether the Soviet Union was reformable. Following how Cohen views the NEP, the answer is that he believes that it was. He contends that the evidence that the opposition presents as to the unreformability of Russia is for the most part, evidentially wrong. Cohen’s reasons for believing that the Soviet Union was reformable was aided by the arguments that he wasn’t. It is in rebutting these arguments that Cohen attempts to establish facts about why the Soviet Union could have been saved. On the matter of â€Å"original sin† which proffers that the way the Soviet Union came to be was through illegitimately evil ways, and thus was made a forever â€Å"absolutely evil without redemptive alternative possibilities of development and thus too fatally flawed to be reformed. Cohen posits that if original sin disqualifies a political or economic system from redemption, how then did the once slave holding America eventually become a leading example of democracy? For over 20 years, the U. S held people captives, and believed it could get beyond that and still be considered a great world power. But Ronald Reagan was campaigning strongly against the USSR and deeming it unsalvageable only three years into Gorbachev’s reforms. A major interpretation by western media according to John D. Nagle is that postcommunism had â€Å"restored national independence†¦ and has given new hope to ethnic nationalities that want to restore or expand their political sovereignty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Nagle 176. This could then prove, that the Soviet Union post-communism could have continued in the same stride to prolong the effects of the reforms meant to change it. The second commonly held view is that the end of the Soviet Union was proof its unreformability. Besides this argument being rather fallacious, it doesn’t help itself when it offers up alternatives that could have worked were different tactics employed. Cohen bucks this by asserting that coming up with points on how it could have been salvaged was proof then, that it was in fact, reformable. Since these arguments present the possibility of workable alternatives, the criticism of its unreformability due to inevitable doom is contradictory. In an interview with Aleksandr Yakoblev, a specialist in North American affairs who was sought by Gorbachev to be one of his closest political advisors explained that it had seemed was that all they had to do was to remove some faulty issues. They just had to free everything up and it would start to work. â€Å"There was a good engine there. It had gotten a bit old and rusty. It needed oil. Then just press the starter and it would all set off down the track. † I would have liked to see Cohen argue more distinctly between the Soviet system and the Soviet state. It could have been important to note that the demise of the former did not have to be accompanied by the end of the latter. It could be asserted that Cohen’s argument could be based on a minimalistic definition of the requirements for the survival of the â€Å"Soviet Union† and ignores the essential internalized and structural violence that was at the heart of the Soviet System. On the contrary, from the early years of the revolution the Soviet state modified itself to suit the needs of its government, ideology, and population. From creating war communism, to NEP, to five year plans, the destruction of Stalins cult of personality together with Khrushchevs reforms, a movement of what some label neo-Stalinism under Brezhnev, to a reform minded Gorbachev who instituted Glasnost and Peterstroika, considered by some to have been the most democratic period of recent history. Are these the actions of an unreformable empire? While Gorbachev’s leadership after being overtaken by Yeltsin â€Å"failed miserably,† it speaks only to his systems and not the reforms themselves because it is these reforms that is still being used to build the country that became Russia. The third argument is that the way of living and the system of government pre-Gorbachev’s reforms were set up mostly to benefit the bureaucratic nomenklatura who would have never have conceded to a reform that would limit or restrict their monopolistic hold on power. This assumption was not completely unfounded. According to Nagle, Gorbachev under the slogans of perestroika and glasnost, ended party control over significant aspects of cultural, social, and economic life in the soviet Union. â€Å"Yet, as long as the ruling party retained its political monopoly, these choices were still onsistent with the traditional or classic communist system† (Nagle 173). Cohen however explains that all of Gorbachev’s major political and economic reforms during the decisive period from 1985 to 1990 were introduced, discussed, and ratified in the highest communist nomenklatura assemblies – the Politburo, Central Committee, a national party conference, and two party congre sses. (Cohen, 464) He further explained that these parties and systems even voted to abolish the practice within their own denominations. It was division between these institutions, and the divisions between those of them that were in favor of the abolition and those who weren’t that worsened the bedrock of the system. The favorite argument of those who believe that the USSR was unreformable is that the SU was â€Å"mutually exclusive with democracy† and therefore could only die from it. Cohen asserts that since reform is actually gradual and takes time to develop, the attempts and trials of Gorbachev’s government between 1985 and 1987 were actually enough to prove that reform was in fact of possible for the Soviet Union. In his book, Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World, Gorbachev states: â€Å"More socialism means more democracy, openness and collectivism in everyday life, more culture and humanism in production, social and personal relations among the people, more dignity and respect for the individual†¦ We will proceed toward better socialism rather than away from it†¦ We want more socialism and therefore, more democracy. (Gorbachev 37). Failed attempts at reform does not prove the impossibility of reform. While Gorbachev’s leadership after being overtaken by Yeltsin miserably, it only speaks to his systems, not the reforms themselves because it is these reforms that is still used to build the country that is Russia.

Malaysia Intering Places free essay sample

The Best Time To Visit Interesting Places In Malaysia Malaysia. It is now well one of the famous contry in Southeast Asia that usually chosen by tourist from the whole world to visit when there is a holiday, but the number of tourists usually depends on the weather of Malaysia. To overcome the lack of number of tourists, a good prediction of weather must be done by the tourism company. `Malaysia is located a few degrees north of the Equator and is one of the South East Asia nations. The climate over here is of equatorial type in which the temperature is quite uniform throughout the year with temperature ranging from 21  °C to 32  °C. The humidity is consistently in the region of 75% to 80% throughout the year with a rainfall annual average of around 200 cm (80in) to 300 cm (120 in). The days are usually warm while the nights and the early mornings are fairly cool. We will write a custom essay sample on Malaysia Intering Places or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Peninsular Malaysia is affected by the monsoon winds that blows from South China Sea and the Straits of Malacca. The northeast monsoon blows the wind from South China Sea from November to March and this is the time when the east coast states have heavy rainfall. Sea activities at this time are very much confined and the main activities at this time is usually the maintenance of boats and fishing related equipments as well as kite flying. This are all general view of Malaysia weather. One of the most interesting island in Malaysia that we can visit is Sipadan Island. The late Jacques Cousteau, the world-renowned oceanographer, described Sipadan Island as ‘an untouched piece of art’, while divers around the world voted it as one of the top five dive sites in the world. Malaysia’s only oceanic island, it is very small – only 12ha. in size. A 25-minute walk is all that is required to circle the island on foot. As an oceanic island, it rises about 700 metres from the sea floor, attracting diverse marine life from the blackness of the open sea. Surrounded by crystal clear waters, this crown jewel is a treasure trove of some of the most amazing marine animals. When diving here, encounters with turtles, resident schools of jacks, bumphead parrotfish and barracudas are almost assured around the tiny coral island. You can dive here all year round. Overall, the best conditions at Sipadan Island exist from April to December, especially July and August. During January to March we can see some unsettled weather and a decrease in visibility but the resorts will still fill with plenty of guests at this time as the diving can still be fine. As we all know, Sabah is one of the most interesting place to visit. Many of the tourist love to go there, because at Sabah they have a city name Kota Kinabalu. When we are at Kota Kinabalu, there is another place we must go, that is Kundasang. A place that is up at the mount Kinabalu. Actually it is near to the mount Kinabalu. From Kota Kinabalu it took about 2 to 3 hours to get there but depend on the weather and traffic. If it is all in good condition, then we can arrive there at an hour and a half. When we arrive there, to get to the nearest place of mount Kinabalu, we can go to the Mesilau Resort. The resort is already 2000 feet above sea level and to go to the mount Kinabalu it only takes about 4000 feet above sea level or it takes 2 days to reach the top of the mountain. At the resort, they already prepared the track to go to the mountain but we must also watch the weather if its good then we can climb the Kinabalu mountain. To go to the Kundasang, we can go when its on the rainy season. By then we can feel the coldness of the weather at Kundasang and it is very suitable for all went to visit Kundasang. It seems like you are at the overseas but its not. Kundasang is the place you should visit. In Pahang, Malaysia, Cameron Highlands has almost everything you could ask for from a holiday destination. Just imagine a very beautiful place with cool and comfortable weather, interesting buildings with Tudor Architecture, spectacular sceneries, and also several religious places to be visited. The key attractions here are the vegetables farms, museums and galleries, flower nurseries, tea plantations, strawberry farms, and honey bee farms. Vegetables farms can be found almost everywhere in Cameron Highlands, these farms are designed primarily for tourist but if you want to visit bigger vegetable farms, you can go to Tringkap or Kuala Terja which produce the vegetables for nations consumptions. If you want to look back to the history of Cameron Highlands, you can visit Local Museum called Time Tunnel Gallery. Cameron Highlands are known as the biggest fresh flower producers in Malaysia. There are much kind of flowers available here such as Dahlia, Geranium, Roses, Fuchsia, Gladioli, Carnations and even flower like Chrysanthemum. Visiting Cameron Highlands is not complete until you visit the tea plantations. Besides the tea itself, the most important thing is the beautiful sceneries available in here. Most recommended tea plantations to visit like Boh Tea Plantation, Cameron Valley Tea Plantation, and Sungai Palas Tea Plantation. There are several strawberry farms allowing you to pluck strawberries on your own and charge your according to the total weight of the strawberries you plucked. Honey Bee Farms in Cameron Highlands offer you experience of learning about bees and various honey products. Malaysia climate weather is typically hot and humid, with daily average 33 degree ceclcius and nightly average of 22 degree celcius. Compare that with Cameron Highlands climateweather of daily average of 23 degree celcius and nightly average of 10 degree celcius. There is another place which is interesting to visit which is Fraser Hill. Named after a solitary Scottish pioneer, James Fraser, who set up a tin-ore trading post in the 1890s, it actually consists of seven hills. Frasers Hill is truly an idyllic place for one to rest and to escape from not only the heat and humidity but also the hustle and bustle of city life. It is perhaps the prettiest of the Malaysian Hill resorts. To get to Frasers Hill from the Gap, one must go up a narrow, winding, one-way road for 8 km. Traffic up and down is controlled by a gate system with uphill traffic limited to odd hours, and downhill traffic to even hours. There are hotels, resorts and chalets available on the hill. Tudor cottages sit among brilliantly coloured gardens shaded by lofty pine trees. Frasers Hill is popular with the locals and foreign tourists for its greenery, forest walks, fresh air and exotic flower gardens, not to mention the golfing facilities. It has many attractions within and around the area. There is a nature education centre where visitors can learn about the flora and fauna of the area. Bird watching is a very popular pastime and Frasers Hill is the venue of the annual Bird Race which attracts many foreign omithologists. The average climate change temperature of Fraser’s Hill is between 21 to 23 degree Centigrade. Cool enough to escape from the heat of the tropics though you would still feel warm when the noon day sun is beating down on you. Lastly, there is one interesting place called Tanjung Leman which is stated in Johor. Tanjung Leman is better known as the jumping off point to the islands of Pulau Sibu and Sibu Tengah. Located about 72km south of Mersing, the beach is quite far off from the main road, which makes it a little difficult to find. However, the beach is served by a jetty and chalets. Kayaks are available for those wishing to venture out beyond the shoreline. Snorkelling is worthwhile as there are nice corals around. The beach is also a good spot to watch some white hornbills flying above. Chairs and shades are plenty for those who just want to have a quick escape   from the hustle and bustle of city life with families and friends. The best time to visit the islands are during the months from April to September where the sea is calmer. During the North-Easterly monsoon season from November to March, the sea will be choppy and hence there is not much sea activities that you can do. Some of the  resorts  will be closed during this time of the year but some will remain open. Malaysia has a tropical climate throughout the year, enjoying warm days and mild evenings in all seasons. English is widely spoken in Malaysia, although the national language is Malay. In addition, the country also offers a fascinating cultural mix with colorful festivals, unique arts and crafts, architecture, food and a rich array of dance forms. Malaysia is ideally placed to take advantage of its increased interest in the tourism industry, especially ecotourism segment, as it possesses a wide variety of natural land and marine habitats, spectacular wildlife, diverse indigenous ethnic groups and cultures, and a rich history. The World Travel ; Tourism Council (WTTC) stated that that the future prospects for Travel ; Tourism industry of Malaysia are good. There is a widespread recognition of its contribution to the national economy, and the Malaysian Government at its highest level is fully committed to the long-term development of the industry. It is absolutely a country that all the people living in the whole world should visit. Prepared by : Norazimah, Marissa Syazana, Farid Haikal, Abdul Qadir, Zul-Iskandar and Gokulan from 5 Amanah.

The Navy Commission Program

The Navy Commission Program The Navy Commission Program The navy commission program has core values that all navy officers are bound to abide.They include,honor,courage and commitment.In honor of state,I will conduct myself in high ethical manner to those I relate with both my peers and follow commands from my supervisors.i will be responsible for all my actions and I will always keep my word as I have been taught.i will be mindful in serving my fellow citizens. Courage is also another core value which i have always respected and believe its a value everyone fighting for his country should have.I will defend my country and support every mission that is in my line.I will take courage in carrying all my duties however demanding or hazardous they they may appear to be. Commitment is a virtue that is compulsory in achieving the set goal.Iwill do my best in in working as a team with my fellow officers since team work is the only way of excelling in daily activities.I will be commited to serve all people without any discrimination. My main reason for applying for this commission program is a great passion for serving my country in the force's capacity and especially navy. I believe I have all the qualifications that are required for the program. I did well in high school especially in math and sciences. I am a good swimmer; my height and weight is in the required range, and I have no health issues. I am the type of a person who believes in perfecting what I do; I am driven by the urge of achieving my set goals and objectives. In this case, I understand that the work of a naval officer is very involved and requires a lot of commitment. Sometimes, it may call for great sacrifice especially if another country tries to attack from the waters. Applying all the knowledge and skills I have learned in high school and as a scout, I believe, I will deliver the best services for this Country.

Analysing Law Case Study

The issue(s) in the case i.e. what is this case all about The case involves the establishment of wind turbines in the region of Taralga an idea that has been opposed by the residents because of the feared environment implication and the physical disturbance to the natural setting. The relevant law that applies in this case The applicable law, in this instance, is Environmental Planning and Assessment Regulation 2000. The application of this law is because of the certain cases that the judge referred to while making the ruling. First, the judge turns to the case of Roseth SC in Tenacity Consulting v Warringah Council (2004) 134 LGERA 23, at paras 25 to. While considering the different facts in the two cases, the judge observed that the project, if operated under the planning principles of environmental conservation will not have any serious impact on the landscape[1]. Further, the judge also did refer to the case of Genesis Power Limited & Anor v Franklin District Council [2005] NZRMA 541. The case also was about the wind farm along the coast of New Zealand. These two cases were used to by the judge to demonstrate to the applicant and general public that always there would be concerns about the environment whenever mega projects are commissioned, and that should not be a reason to stop prime development agendas[2]. How the Judge applied the law to the case The judge did use the case demonstrate the project lead to local area development. He maintained that through detailed environmental assessment and appropriate measures taken, the locals would benefit[3].   Roseth SC in Tenacity Consulting v Warringah Council (2004) In this case, the subject was different views held about development as opposed to what the law says. The aspects of value, consideration, qualitative assessment, and reasonability of the proposal determine the merit of each project[4]. Genesis Power Limited & Anor v Franklin District Council [2005] NZRMA This case was about establishing a wind farm at the cost of New Zealand. The appeal sought to establish if the construction, operations and other maintenance structures of the project at the coastal environment. The two issues raised by the applicant is the visual and noise from the project and if it is important to move the project to another environment.   The verdict of the current case could have been different given the magnitude of the impact that the project was to cause to the residents, property, and landscape. The impact is a bit escalated[5]. The public policy issues that were addressed by the judge include the effects of visual, noise, flora impact, fauna, and property. The judge addressed the issues by maintaining that even though these problems are eminent, proper management could help mitigate the effects and the locals benefit from the wind farm engines[6]. Getting academic assistance from

Analysis of jungle book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of jungle book - Essay Example These stories all contain strong moral lessons, and can also be viewed as allegories of real life, not simply the animal life that they can be read as at one level. In the story the White Seal, Kipling uses a seal to portray the conflict within our own lives, and also gives us a look into what we humans are doing to nature. Just like all his other stories, Kipling opens the White Seal Tale with a song, the Seal’s lullaby. This song, which goes as follows â€Å"Oh! hush thee, my baby, the night is behind us, And black are the waters that sparkled so green. The moon, oer the combers, looks downward to find us At rest in the hollows that rustle between. Where billow meets billow, then soft be thy pillow, Ah, weary wee flipperling, curl at thy ease! The storm shall not wake thee, nor shark overtake thee, Asleep in the arms of the slow-swinging seas!† helps set the tone for the whole selection, and also keeps with the Kipling tradition of the rest of the Jungle Book. This opening poem helps set the character for the white seal that is later introduce into the story. By including words such as â€Å"flipperling†, â€Å"rustle†, and â€Å"billow†, Kipling is able to use this poem to set the feel and mood of the rest of the piece. These tone words help set up the feelings of tranquility and peace, however it is this exact feeling that is set up here that is later disturbed. Kipling then uses the start of the story as an allegory against human beings and their many odd behaviors. He describes how the seals all flock to get the best piece of land, and spend many an months simply sitting there and fighting over the best piece of land. Looking into this, one can see the â€Å"high esteem† Kipling held for humans who fought over land, and acted just as stupidly as all of the seals did. It is also important to note that Kipling chose only

Stuff paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stuff paper - Essay Example Coffee today is one of the most popular beverages in the world. The coffee beans are grinded to form a powder from which the beverage is prepared. It is one of the most popular beverages consumed by more than one third of the world’s total population. One major difference found in its consumption is in the way the drink is consumed around the world. (Kolecki, n.d). People, in general, prefer to consume coffee according to their taste and liking. This includes adding items like milk, creamer, and sugar to the actual coffee to create a particular individualized taste. Therefore, part of the attraction of coffee as a drink is the fact that one can personalize the drink to one’s individual liking. Coffee’s popularity has resulted in a wide demand and increased production throughout the world. The raw materials for coffee are obtained from a fruit’s seed, which is known as the coffee bean. (As You Sow, 2010). These beans are collected from the coffee trees that contain aromatic substances which add up to the taste of the beverage. When the berries are ripened, the beans provide a better taste for the beverage. The coffee trees themselves grow well in a climate of moderate temperature. Apart from the conditions of the climate, the soil too plays a vital role in cultivating the coffee beans. Fertile soil enables better cultivation and production of the coffee beans. A well maintained volcanic soil also helps in the cultivation, as it improves the flavor of the beans. The manufacturing process of coffee does not end up impacting the environment as severely as the manufacturing of other beverages. (Wintgens, 2009). The environmental consequence is certainly varied as the tree is grown in places where the natural soil is at its best. The cultivation does not include any artificial plantation or pesticides and hence it does not create chemical harm to the environment. Another aspect is the social consequences of the object, coffee. Due to the i ncreased production of coffee beans, countries like Brazil and Africa have extensively benefited. Since the country’s economic stability grows through the plantation of coffee beans, the social consequence is obviously beneficial (Wintgens, 2009). However, this does not mean that there are not any environmental consequences within the production of coffee. The actual use of the land to produce coffee is cause for some concern. Coffee is a cash crop, meaning that land is often cleared to grow it, and this can take away from even more sustainable resources. Some type of monitoring program can be implemented to ensure that other resources are not being stripped, or at least stripped beyond their capacity to reproduce themselves. Where the rainforest is involved, this has caused growing concern for many environmentalists, since much of the time the rainforest will be destroyed if profit is involved, and the rainforest is not something humans can recreate. Since many of the countr ies producing coffee are economically poor, they are willing to destroy natural resources in order to take advantage of greater economical gain (Wintgens, 2009). Coffee production can be made more sustainable through the monitoring of the land used in its development. If legislative rules are enacted to regulate the planting of coffee and the way coffee is grown, in order to

Developing yourself Essay Example for Free

Developing yourself Essay Findings: The CIPD profession map is a tool used to support the profession as a whole to develop products and services, yet it also accelerates the professional development of individuals. The map was created and is used by individuals and organisations; it’s a vital resource if you are working or connected in the HR profession. Whatever sector and/or size of an organisation the professional map is a great help, whether you are a specialist or generalist in talent, reward, learning development, employee relations and engagement. There are three key components to the map, which are: professional areas, behaviours and bands and transitions. The core professional areas show how a HR professional should think and look at tasks, then how to influence the relevant employees to the best outcome. There are then eight further areas surrounding the professional areas and when they are all combined, create the role of a great hr employee. Each area is essential to any business. The eight areas are: service delivery and information, organisation design, organisation development, resourcing and talent planning, learning and development, performance and reward, employee engagement, employee relations and service delivery and information. Once professional HR areas are covered, behaviours are the next vital key to becoming an effective HR professional. There are eight behaviours and they require an employee to be a strong character that leads by example and is confident when advising and influencing all levels of staff from entry to high level. Each behaviour is divided into four bands of professional competence. Each behaviour also lists a number of contra indicators which illustrate negative behaviour. Comment on the activities and knowledge specified within any 1 professional area, at either band one or band two identify those you consider most essential to your own or other identified hr role. Conclusion: A HR practitioner should ensure the services they provide are timely and effective. Different customers have different needs in a HR role and you need to prioritise conflicting needs. Shown below are different customers to  a HR practioner and examples of what needs they may have. Managers look to human resources for sound business advice on how to review, analyse and address people issues. They expect the HR services to be timely and accurate. Supervisors expect human resources to be available on an as-needed basis to help solve people issues. They expect, and frequently demand, help interpreting company policies, expediting personnel matters and preparing or completing paperwork. Most importantly, supervisors expect to learn from their interactions with human resources in order for them to return to their work unit and handle personnel matters. Associates look to human resources to provide, explain or confirm information about company policies and procedures. They expect human re sources to be an empathetic ear to their concerns and to help them solve work-related problems. They expect human resources to anticipate problems and to provide sound recommendations to management. To the applicant, human resources are the company. Applicants expect accurate information about employment opportunities, fair consideration of their qualifications and courteous treatment. An example of how you would prioritise conflicting needs is shown below: When in a HR role a supervisor may need a report by the end of the day completing, a manager may need you to sort a conflict between two members of staff and a member of staff may be dealing with bereavement and is upset. You would then organise how and who or what task is the priority and arrange how it will all be dealt with or completed. In this situation I would delegate the report to another member of staff, I would then arrange a time to address the issues between the two conflicting members of staff then I would then deal with the member of staff with bereavement as I would see them as the highest priority. Then all issues and tasks should be completed/ resolved by the end of the day. This shows how you have an empathetic ear to concerns, you are helping solve work related problems and you are completing tasks under a time scale with organisation and delegation. Communication methods: Employee communication is about the HR aspects of communication from management to employees and of course employees to management. The first aspect is downward communication this is where management communicate to employees the second aspect is upward communication and this is when  employees communicate to management. Managers have to communicate with employees all the time that they are at work it is impossible not to, plentiful communication with employee’s has been shown to be linked to good company performance. Communication could be formal or informal. Smaller company’s often rely on informal methods and have few formal methods of communication with employees. In some cases they prefer to encourage social events for promoting mutual communication. Shown below are some examples of communication: Downward communication: Upward communication: Workforce briefings for all or part of the workforce on key issues Employee attitude surveys Quality circles, regular meeting with all or part of the workforce Suggestion schemes Appraisal interviews Employee forums Newsletters, electronic circular and dvds Project teams With communication you can come across issues these are: Subject What is communicated is the most important issue. HR can send a message to employees only on subjects which they choose to communicate with them. For example, certain information may not be passed on to certain employees because the organisation may not want to disclose this information. Quality You do not want to give too much information as employees may have problems digesting it. You need to make sure the quality of communication is high. Depth The depth of the information must be fit for purpose for example it may be too detailed and confusing for those who it is aimed at as it may have initially been designed for a management circular, re-worked slightly and the circulated to part time workers. Receptiveness Employees should feel that they are being listened to; they may voice their  ideas but feel that they are not listened to, and this would then create a negative effect amongst them and actually demotivating them. Action on their views may or may not be considered a good idea, but employees should then receive feedback on their views. Regularity Employees learn to trust the communication if it is regular and tells them important information. Regular communication means it is less likely rumours which are incorrect circulate in workplaces. A balance must be made between giving people information so regularly that they are swamped with it, and too infrequently so that uncertainty arises. Timing Information may be released when leaked information has already reached employees as rumour and it may then be treated with contempt. Information may be released too early or too late. A good example of this is redundancy information. Employees themselves are sensitive when they read about their own redundancy in the newspaper or see it on the news. You should inform employees of this information at the relevant time so they find out from you first. In the HR role you are likely to have an important role in building managers presentational and communication skills, since operational managers are often appointed mainly for other skills that they have, they may need help in developing their interpersonal skills. HR professionals have people issues at the forefront of their minds, they may advise on where and when sensitive meetings such as appraisals or disciplinary meetings might be best held. HR professionals can act as advisors to individual operational managers on how to communicate to employees on issues such as their pension or legal rights, or alternatively communicate directly with the individual employee’s on such subjects. These matters are of vital importance to employees, for whom areas like pensions and benefits packages are central issues. Getting communication right in these areas is therefor also at the centre of HR professional jobs. HR professionals sometimes have to advise both senior and operational managers on employee’s feelings on different subjects. It is usually the HR professionals who are called on to run or at least source and oversee employee attitude surveys, forums etc. to some extent they may also try to act as employee advocates in order to maintain employee commitment and motivation. HR has a key role to play in improving  communication including by providing training and coaching for other managers and workers which can improve their informal and formal communication. Effective Service delivery is a vital key in a HR role shown below are the key points of how to achieve it to a high standard. Delivering service on time: Delivering service on a budget: Dealing with difficult customers, Handling and resolving complaints: When dealing with difficult customers that may have a complaint or issue there are certain ways to deal with the situation so that it does not escalate and gets resolved. Firstly you need to identify the complaint and get as many facts together as possible. You always need to listen and empathize whilst clarifying that you both understand. Then you would log the complaint and investigate why, who, how and what evidence. Once that is achieved I think it is best to identify an end goal so there is something to aim for and the issue should then be resolved. When trying to resolve the situation always keep the complainant updated with any progress and also make sure you are following the company’s policy and try and keep it to the smallest time frame. Once the situation is resolved I would then try to investigate why it happened and how to prevent re-occurrence. In a HR role I believe you should be committed to treating customers with courtesy and respect at all times, responding promptly to all enquiries made by telephone, email, post, fax, or in person, ensuring accuracy of administration, respecting and maintaining confidentiality, equality of opportunity in employment, updating skills through continuous professional development, regularly and systematically seeking, listening to and acting upon the views of customers. I think a HR function should obtain much more thorough feedback from its internal customers these are line managers, senior managers and employees. This should cover both what they need from HR, and their user experience of current services. Such feedback, as this study illustrates, can generate a clear overview or ‘footprint’ of the HR function in a particular organisation. It can provide fresh insights and help the HR function to focus its efforts in areas that add value to the  business. Bibliography: http://www.cipd.co.uk/cipd-hr-profession/profession-map/professional-areas/service-delivery-information.aspx

Le Morte dArthur Essay -- essays research papers

The Chivalric Code in Le Morte d?Arthur   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An act of chivalry is described as the qualifications or character of the ideal knight. Knights were expected to uphold this code of conduct. In the English literature Le Morte d?Arthur, French for ?The Death of Arthur?, by Sir Thomas Malory, the characters display acts of chivalry from beginning to end. Though the code of chivalry contains many qualities or acts, nevertheless bravery, loyalty, and courtly love are demonstrated more throughout this literature.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bravery is the mental or moral strength to venture and withstand danger, fear, or difficulty. Fear is what one feels when fighting, knowing that he or she could die. For example, when Sir Mordred and King Arthur were to fight, Arthur was told that if he fought Mordred, Arthur would die. Regardless, Arthur fought Mordred. Though not stated in the text, one would assume that Arthur had fear of himself dying running through his brain, and that would explain how his adrenaline got pumped up enough to kill Mordred. Difficulty is going against someone who is more skilled. When the young Sir Gryfflette challenged King Pellinore to a joust to avenge a knight?s death, Gryfflette lost, but because he went up against a more experienced person, he was demonstrating an act of bravery. The danger of the two is that one can always die in matters such as those.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bravery and loyalty can go hand-in-hand with o...

The Crave for Companionship in of Mice and Men

â€Å"A guy goes nut if he ain’t got nobody. † None of the characters in Of Mice and Men experience true companionship. Discuss. The crave for companionship is a key theme present throughout John Steinbeck’s novella, Of Mice and Men. The great depression is no help when trying to find or keep friendships alive in the rural, country areas of America. George and Lennie depict what true companionship is all about when sticking together through thick and thin.Being the only black man living on the ranch, Crooks finds it hard to relate with others, finding himself separated from the other men. The relationship between Curley and his wife is merely just an unstable marriage that lacks true meaning and love. Desire in many forms is found throughout the novella but companionship is the main one as everyone can be lonely at times. George and Lennie’s companionship contrasts the loneliness that surrounds them on the ranch. Somehow the two men complement each other d espise the lack of compatibility between them.Lennie would call George a friend, but George would find difficulty to call him one back. â€Å"ain’t many guys travel around together† (Slim page 36) this is what Slim tells George when he finds out that he and Lennie travel together. The companions are in search of the American dream which is to own their own piece of land, â€Å"we'd have our own place where we belonged and not sleep in no bunk house† (George page 63) this would put George in control of finally keeping them out of trouble, especially Lennie.George is motivated to stay with Lennie because of his own guilt and the fact that he doesn't want to end up like everyone else on the ranch, alone. George knows that life without Lennie would be so much easier on himself and sometimes he wants the independence of not have to keep his eye on a grown man who has the mind of a child. Unfortunately their great friendship had to end with George killing Lennie. Alth ough it may have seemed to be George protecting himself it was largely to protect Lennie as Curley could have killed him in a more brutal manor.Crooks, â€Å"the negro Stable Buck† (page 66) seems to be the major outcast living on the ranch in Of Mice and Men. He lives in his own room, separated from the bunk house in â€Å"a little shed that leaned off the wall of the barn† (page 66). Crooks was â€Å"a proud, and aloof man† (page 67), bitter and hostile yet very intelligent and wise mainly because of the isolations he faces and his skin colour. When Crooks is faced with the solid figure of Lennie standing in his door way he attempts to lash out at him yelling â€Å"you got no ight to come in my room† (pages 67-68) displaying a large deficiency of communication and trying to indicate to Lennie to leave him alone. As Lennie is misguided by the messages Crooks is trying to send him he enters giving off no bad intentions so the black man lets his guard down . As the conversation carries on Crooks finds Lennie just sees him as another man working at the ranch. Curley's wife's want for friendship has altered her demeanour towards men on the ranch tremendously, making her overtly insecure and excessively flirtatious.The men on the ranch avoid her because of flirtatious personality to keep out of trouble. No one understands her situation and how loneliness affects her. Her insecurity is evident by the way she dresses and utilizes her make-up. She uses her appearance to receive attention like when â€Å"[Curley's Wife] was standing there looking in. She had full, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made up. â€Å"(Steinbeck 32). Curley's Wife feels she must dress this way for people to acknowledge her and give her attention.Her dressing-up is entirely unnecessary because they live on a farm and this is not the typical clothing. Curley does not give his wife enough companionship, love and affection that she desires. This makes her se ek it from other people whining to Lennie in the barn â€Å"Why can't I talk to you? I never get to talk to nobody. I get awful lonely† (page 85). By not talking to anyone and constantly worrying about what Curley will do, she has attained a slyness that does not appeal to anyone on the ranch.Acting in flirtatious ways is the only way Curley's Wife thinks she can deal with her aspirations for a friend. Every human needs a companion, a friend or acquaintance to share his or her thoughts and feelings with, that's what makes us all human. Unfortunately some of us are unable to have this desire that we all dream for, and especially during the depression friends were very scarce. Of Mice and Men shows the ups and downs of friendship, the good times as well as the bad and the limits a friend will go to, to save their friend from anguish.

The Value of Diversity and Multiculturalism in Business

Shequita Rayford English 101 February 10, 2013 The Poverty Class The Poverty Class is a big class in the United States; As the free encyclopedia stated, Poverty is a state of privation or lack of the usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions. The number of families in the poverty class has increase or decrease over the years. The races of population percentage of people in poverty is different from one and another. There are a lot of reasons or saturations why a family is in the class of poverty.Some families come from other classes, like the wealthy class or the middle, then down grade to the poverty class for various reasons. Poverty affect different stages in people lives, there are also different factors of poverty. When you are in the poverty class, you can be look down upon from the other classes for different reasons. There are different ideas to help fix the poverty we have in the United States. In the next exceeding paragraphs, I will explaining th e reasons for each statements because I for the poverty class in my own words and views.The number of the poverty class has increase or decrease, but when I research for the number of population in poverty throughout the years. I see that the numbers has mostly increase throughout the years. In 2000 there was 39. 8 million people in poverty, but that number increased throughout the years. Until now in 2012 the percentage of families in impoverished is 16%, and almost 20% are children. The poverty guidelines are determined by the Census Bureau. The Census Bureau contains the amount of money a family will make in a year.By counting each person and the cost of living for that person, additionally adding each person to calculate a number. Then the census determine if the family would be counted in the poverty class or not. The races of people in a population in poverty is different from one and other. Race and gender plays an enormous part in poverty. Minorities pay a big role by 27 per cent, so does Latinos and American Indians, versus 10 present of whites. Below is the percentages of races in the poverty class; Poverty and race/ethnicity 9. 9% of all non-Hispanic white persons 2. 1% of all Asian persons 26. 6% of all Hispanic persons (of any race) 27. 4% of all black persons. There are a lot of reasons or situations why a family is in the class of poverty. One reason can be that a person was born in a family that is poor, I was born in a family that was in the middle class. My family had a house, and my dad own his own construction company. We live in a nice neighborhood in the city of Chicago. But at the same time I remember seeing poverty all around me. You can tell what class a person was by the clothes they worn.You can tell where the area the class live by the surroundings. For example the wealthy live down town in condos or lofts running 3,000 through 7,000 or more a month. Because the cost of living in a city is expense. Another reason can be because the e conomy with low job rates, or the minimum rates of employment was low. Another reason can be because a lot of families have a single parent trying to raise a family from minimum wage or welfare. After my father passed away, my mom was a single parent, she was left well off but then blew the thousands she was left with.So we went from middle class to poor and had to struggle at times. Then I and my mom got on our feet; now I am a mother with two kids. I only want the best for both of my kids, to not be in the population of the poverty class. Some families come from other classes, like the wealthy class or the middle, then down grade to the poverty class for various reasons. Like I said from the paragraph above, my dad past away and me and my mom had to learn how to survive by ourselves. There are a lot of different reasons why one class can go to poverty.One reason can be because of natural causalities, there has been hurricanes, earth quakes, tornadoes, thunder storms, winter storms and other storms. During the last couple year’s people has come upon these storms and lost everything. For an example the storm Katrina kill a lot of people and left a lot of people homeless in the state of poverty. Poverty affect different stages in a person life. If the person works a minimum wage, it’s like living from one pay check to another. I had live from one pay check to another before, paying all my bills and don’t have enough to buy anything for myself.Or don’t have enough to pay all the bills at once. It can affect a person health if their unable to eat a meal during the day. It all can be challenging trying to live when you don’t have enough income to live on. But either way I found a way to challenge difficult situations, thanks to programs to help people in poverty to pay bills, buy food, buy clothing and personal items. There are different factors of poverty. Low- wage jobs is one factor, in our America today, there are a lot of lo w in come jobs. Even if you go to college and get a degree, there is no guarantee that you will get that dream job you want.I know someone with four degrees and still can’t find that dream job that he wanted. Another factor is that there is a lot of single parents in the house holds of families today. A single parent making a low- wage do not equal to success, taking care of your family can be expensed. I know that for a fact, if it wasn’t for the help of my family, I don’t know where I would be with my kids. But life has got much easier since I gotten help from their father now. The Census Bureau stated that 104 million people make twice below the poverty line, less than $38,000 for a family of three.Economic Policy says half the jobs on the nation pays less then %34,000 a year, a quarter pay less than $23,000 annually. When you are in poverty you can be look down upon. No matter if you are a child or an adult, sometimes you have peers to look at you and judge you. I have got those views from a lot of people that believe people on welfare is lazy or just wasting their tax money. Well those people don’t know that person or family situation. Not having welfare, that family would not be able to feed their family without food stamps.People needs to realize that there is a lot of poverty in the world and a lot of people are suffering. Even if that person has a job, the person has to work a 10 thru a 12 hour shift and only making eight dollars an hour for an example. People don’t want to look at the fact that if the government didn’t have these programs that the poverty percentage would be double. There are different ways to fix poverty in America. By continuing to provide welfare for individuals who are struggling paying their bills, buying food for their house hold and buying personal needs for themselves and their kids.Some of the welfare programs that help provide those needs are food stamps and cash assistance. Social Security helps the elderly who can’t work and people with disabilities. Earn income tax credit helps to provide families with extra money at the end of the year, who made under a certain amount money for that year. Our economy needs more decent paying jobs. We all need to help invest in a 21st century education, provide skill development strategy, the rich should pay their fair of taxes to the country, raise minimum wage and provide more health care. I provided my views on poverty and stated true facts.I want my audience to become more educated on the matter and realize how serious the matter can be. Knowing that you can be in one of the other class one day and be in the poverty class the next day. We all should notice how important this situation is although you might say that this is not your situation, nor your problem. But true fully it affects all Americans in some way or form. Works Cited Websites: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States http://www. nytimes. com/2012/07/29/opinion/sunday/why-cant-we-end-poverty-in-america. html? pagewanted=all&_r=0

Free Essays on Ecstasy

Ecstasy has been said to be the drug of choice by many drug users. And with its gaining popularity, it just may become the drug of choice for everyone. Many are saying,†in the 60's it was weed and LSD, in the 70's it was cocaine, in the 80's and 90's we had crack, now in this new century, we have rediscovered a new evolution of euphoria (user).† So what is so great about ecstacy? What is raising our curiosity level? And is this drug as dangerous as we all think? Although ecstasy has been around for decades, its recent rise in popularity has caused everyone to ask these questions. There is a drug currently present in our society called methalenedioxymethamphetamine, or if you can’t pronounce that, MDMA, known more commonly as Ecstacy This drug was created in 1914 to be used primarily as a dietary supplement The drug was not a popular product on the market and so its manufacturer let the patent expire (ADIC 1). In the 1970's the drug regained some popularity, but not with consumers It was then being studied in the medical field. At this time MDMA was legal. It wasn’t until 1985, when the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) discovered the drug produced harmful effects in rodents serotonin levels was made illegal (MJA 1). The DEA described the drug as one with no medical use and has an abuse was highly potential. Some argue the DEA made the drug illegal without any official documented research on human testing to prove it harmful Many people have used the drug on an underground level, and ironically enough, there has been no proven instances of death or harmful reactions in the United States because of MDMA’s direct and single use. A person may ask, why is MDMA illegal? In order for ecstasy to be illegal, there should be more testing in order to find out the true effects on humans. The drug MDMA (ecstasy) was first synthesized as an appetite suppressant in 1912 by a German pharmaceutical co... Free Essays on Ecstasy Free Essays on Ecstasy Ecstasy has been said to be the drug of choice by many drug users. And with its gaining popularity, it just may become the drug of choice for everyone. Many are saying,†in the 60's it was weed and LSD, in the 70's it was cocaine, in the 80's and 90's we had crack, now in this new century, we have rediscovered a new evolution of euphoria (user).† So what is so great about ecstacy? What is raising our curiosity level? And is this drug as dangerous as we all think? Although ecstasy has been around for decades, its recent rise in popularity has caused everyone to ask these questions. There is a drug currently present in our society called methalenedioxymethamphetamine, or if you can’t pronounce that, MDMA, known more commonly as Ecstacy This drug was created in 1914 to be used primarily as a dietary supplement The drug was not a popular product on the market and so its manufacturer let the patent expire (ADIC 1). In the 1970's the drug regained some popularity, but not with consumers It was then being studied in the medical field. At this time MDMA was legal. It wasn’t until 1985, when the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) discovered the drug produced harmful effects in rodents serotonin levels was made illegal (MJA 1). The DEA described the drug as one with no medical use and has an abuse was highly potential. Some argue the DEA made the drug illegal without any official documented research on human testing to prove it harmful Many people have used the drug on an underground level, and ironically enough, there has been no proven instances of death or harmful reactions in the United States because of MDMA’s direct and single use. A person may ask, why is MDMA illegal? In order for ecstasy to be illegal, there should be more testing in order to find out the true effects on humans. The drug MDMA (ecstasy) was first synthesized as an appetite suppressant in 1912 by a German pharmaceutical co... Free Essays on Ecstasy Ecstasy has been said to be the drug of choice by many drug users. And with its gaining popularity, it just may become the drug of choice for everyone. Many are saying, ¡Ã‚ ¨in the 60's it was weed and LSD, in the 70's it was cocaine, in the 80's and 90's we had crack, now in this new century, we have rediscovered a new evolution of euphoria (user). ¡Ã‚ ¨ So what is so great about ecstacy? What is raising our curiosity level? And is this drug as dangerous as we all think? Although ecstasy has been around for decades, its recent rise in popularity has caused everyone to ask these questions. There is a drug currently present in our society called methalenedioxymethamphetamine, or if you can ¡Ã‚ ¦t pronounce that, MDMA, known more commonly as Ecstacy This drug was created in 1914 to be used primarily as a dietary supplement The drug was not a popular product on the market and so its manufacturer let the patent expire (ADIC 1). In the 1970's the drug regained some popularity, but not with consumers It was then being studied in the medical field.Æ’Ã  At this time MDMA was legal.Æ’Ã  It wasn ¡Ã‚ ¦t until 1985, when the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) discovered the drug produced harmful effects in rodents serotonin levels was made illegal (MJA 1). The DEA described the drug as one with no medical use and has an abuse was highly potential. Some argue the DEA made the drug illegal without any official documented research on human testing to prove it harmful Many people have used the drug on an underground level, and ironically enough, there has been no proven instances of death or harmful reactions in the United States because of MDMA ¡Ã‚ ¦s direct and single use.Æ’Ã  A person may ask, why is MDMA illegal?Æ’Ã  In order for ecstasy to be illegal, there should be more testing in order to find out the true effects on humans.Æ’Ã  The drug MDMA (ecstasy) was first synthesized as an appetite suppressant in 1912 by a German pharmaceutical company, ... Free Essays on Ecstasy â€Å"Ecstasy,† The Club Drug PARAPHRASING: Source: Sunday Mercury, Midland Independent Newspaper, November 3, 2002 | Headline: Dance With Death; The Latest Club Drug Is A Killer by Martyn Leek A recent Home Office report stated that Ecstasy can now be bought for as little As 50p from Amsterdam laboratories. A pill sold for 1 pound would still make 100% profit for a dealer. Mine: The price of Ecstasy has recently decreased worldwide due to the introduction of newer drugs to the market. For instance, Ecstasy can now be bought for 50 pounds from Amsterdam laboratories. A single Ecstasy pill sold for only 1 pound will still make 100% profit to a dealer. Source: Coventry Evening Telegraph | Tuesday, January 15, 2002 | Headline: CLUB DRUGS LINK TO MENTAL ILLNESS | No Author Specified Mine: Users of the club drug Ecstasy are 25% more likely to develop mental health problems than non-users. A survey of 1000 readers Mixmag, a dance culture magazine in the UK, was conducted recently. This survey showed that one out of four had developed a potentially serious mental illness and were more likely a psychiatrist. In the study, 98% of readers admitted taking Ecstasy on a regular basis. Ecstasy can cause paranoia, panic attacks and depression. Source: ISSUES & CONTROVERSIES | Title: Ecstasy Use Debated (sidebar) | September 27, 2002 | Facts on File News Services Mine: MDMA, also known as â€Å"Ecstasy†, is an artificial that augments the levels of serotonin in the brain. Ecstasy, or â€Å"E†, is usually taken at nightclubs and all-night parties called â€Å"raves†. This drug is very popular among teenagers. They say that it enhances their energy levels and makes them feel happy and euphoric. Heatstroke and dehydration are some of the side effects of MDMA. Its stimulating effect can cause its users to go beyond their physical limits and overheat their bodies. Dehydrated users become thirsty and c...

Tesco Supply Chain Management Practices Case Study Essay

Tesco Supply Chain Management Practices Case Study - Essay Example They were the authors of the book known as ‘The Machine that changed the world’ which was in charge of introducing the concepts of lean production for the Toyota Company (Indu & Gupta, 2004). The experts found out that the company indulged in many unnecessary handlings whereby there would be improvements along with reductions in the costs the company incurred. They additionally found out that there were longer lead times, poor availability of products along with locations of stores. The company in turn established a system for continuous replenishment, which enabled their products to have immediate replenishment (Womack & Jones, 2006). They have also been reducing their handling of goods while also streamlining their flows. They were able to accomplish this by using dollies on wheels, which replaced shelves. The dollies could be sent from the suppliers and into their delivery Lorries and taken back to the stores. They helped in reducing the companies need for handling th e products since their products were just being loaded at the end of the company’s production line and taken directly by wheels to their supermarkets (Ohno, 2005). This move helped the company in reducing their touch points for drinks by 150 locations along with the transit times. However, the multiple trips that were carried out resulted in higher costs for the company but these costs were covered by decreases in their inventory costs. The company also had agreements with other companies such as P&G, Unilever along with Coca Cola in order to alter their schedules for distribution (Womack & Jones, 2006). This in turn enabled them to reduce their lead times by fifteen days since the daily deliveries made through their wheeled pallets, which enabled the placement of their goods directly on the shelves of many of their outlets (Bicheno, 2008). The company’s holding of stock reduced greatly from over four to two weeks while their service levels also improved by over six pe rcent. The company’s use of lean production methods in the above aspects helped them see their profits jump from 16,452 million pounds in the year 1998 to 37,070 million pounds in the year 2005 making them the biggest grocery within the United Kingdom (Indu & Gupta, 2004). Due to the company’s use of lean production systems, they were able to reduce their storage locations from five to two, their order entry locations from six to just one and their service levels from 98.5% to 99.5%. They were additionally able to reduce their throughput times from twenty to just five days, which represented a 75% reduction in their total inventory (Womack & Jones, 2006). The Tesco Company initiated a ‘step change’ curriculum, which was used for identifying the processes in their supply chains that required transformations. This program helped the company in eliminating several of the unnecessary procedures that enabled them to save about two hundred and seventy million po unds in the years 2004 to 2005. The changes that were implemented under the program additionally helped in simplifying the operations in their stores while freeing up their employees so that they could more effectively attend to their customer’s needs (Ohno, 2005). The company introduced operations across docks that involved goods being loaded into one

REMOTE ENVIRONMENT (Strategic Management) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

REMOTE ENVIRONMENT (Strategic Management) - Essay Example Forces that impact the dynamics of a particular industry includes the ease with which new firms can enter an industry, the bargaining power of both the suppliers as well as the customers, the availability of different substitutes within a particular industry and the intensity of competition between different firms operating in a particular industry (Porter, 2008). The enterprise competitive position helps in identifying the level of competition that is taking place in the environment in which an organization is operating. Customer profile helps an organization in identifying the needs and wants of the customers to which the organization is responding to or will be responding (Hill, 2012). The characteristic of availability of human resources helps in identifying the characteristics of the employees that are working in an industry (Enz, 2010). It even helps in identifying what the human resources perceive about a company and the ease with which these human resources can be

Diversity climate in an organization Research Paper

Diversity climate in an organization - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that successfully managing an organization especially in today’s increasingly diverse workforce has become one of the most challenges faced by management and corporate leaders in recent years. Human capital is the most valuable and powerful asset and therefore it has been found that effectively managing the human resources is extremely critical to organizational success. Managing diversity climate effectively is one of the most significant elements of effective managing of the human capital as it can help the organization increase the productivity of its workforce, make them fully satisfied and highly committed to the job as well. Â  Diversity refers to the attributes and aspects that can be considered to be salient to an employer making him think that he is different from another individual. Gender, racio-ethnicity, nationality, age etc are some of the attributes that create and influence diversity within the organization. Diversity happens in an organ ization where its members’ have attitudes and perception towards people from cultural groups other than their own. Herdman and McMillan-Capehart described that diversity referred to the degree of inter-organizational representation of people in a way that different groups are inter-affiliated of cultural significance. A plurality of perspectives and experiences prevail in diversity climate and it serves as the strategic resource to the organization securing a competitive advantage. Â   They viewed diversity climate as an opportunity and a resource that the managers can turn them better strategy to increase organizational performance and achieve sustainable competitive advantage if the management is successful in managing it. As Garcia and Hoelscher (2010, p. 23) detailed, there are four different themes when it comes to diversity climate, they are: Perceptions of degree between group conflicts and a mind set to accept others, Level of institutional commitment to the diversity in the organization, Fairness, like lack of institutional bias, and A very generalized atmosphere for getting and giving respect each others. As today’s workforce has become increasingly diverse, diversity management has gained considerable attention and has emerged to be an important element of larger business strategy that can help an organization improve organizational competitiveness and effectiveness. As Hur, Strickland and Stefanovic (2009, p. 501) noted, many large organizations have recently given greater emphasis on identifying, considering and implementing varieties of practices that are designed and developed to foster better diversity business environment as well as to combat discrimination and all other legal risks in the workplace. Where diversity climate persists, there will be shared perceptions regarding the ways things are around there. Employees in such circumstances will be able to retrieve information from salient stimuli so that they can describe and interpret their work environment. They also can integrate the perceptions of unique workplace conditions and events in to quite a broader perceptions of organizational climate. A strategic method to analyze diversity climate There can be different cultural groups and people from different ethnic background in any organization. the workforce today is getting too much diverse. Diversity climate, as mentioned above, is the perception and attitude of people towards the culture of people other than their own. In a diversity culture, people are mentally capable of accepting other culture, groups and ethnic behaviors, rather than their ow

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Global Warming - Essay Example This is a difficult dilemma, because the effects of climate change will manifest themselves in different ways in different regions, from pole to pole. The political reasoning of the problem solution suggests that all countries need to make coordinated and deliberate actions based on special international conventions on climate change. Scientists and international scientific community are now under a tremendous pressure, as a correct identification of climate change trends and its main consequences in the future will save humanity from immense ills and, vice versa, adoption of expensive measures without sufficient scientific grounds will lead to huge economic losses. Global Warming Its easiest definition runs that global warming is a gradual increase in average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and oceans in the 20th and 21st centuries. Scientific judgments, expressed by the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, directly supported by National Academies of Sciences o f the Big Eight, say that the average temperature on Earth has risen by 0.7 Â ° C since the Industrial Revolution (the second half of the 18th century) and a considerable proportion of observed warming over the past 50 years was caused by human activities, primarily by gas emission (carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4)), that cause the greenhouse effect (Mank 1). The increase in average global temperature led to a decrease in continental glaciers. In addition, we should expect a decrease of the permafrost zone, which presently occupies a significant part of the planet, as well as anticipate changes in the methods of management, farming, construction, etc. in the zone itself. Measurements and calculations showed that for the last 100 years mountain glaciers have decreased by approximately 2.000 cubical kilometers; the annual decline averaged 0.06% of the total mass of Alpine ice. Signs of glaciers’ degradation are observed in all regions of the Arctic, where global warming manifests itself to the maximum extent. Climate warming leads to sea levels rise. Over the past 20 years the rate of increase has doubled and reached 2.5 cm/yr. This rise promises significant environmental consequences. Saltwater intrusion in deltas of the major rivers will destroy protected habitat for wild animals and birds, spawning grounds for fish. Sea level rise will increase a probability of devastating storms. The issue of dams’ building needs to be thought through today. About 70% of the seaside is currently being destroyed as a result of natural lift of water and increasing human activities. This process will be further exacerbated by global warming. So, according to the UN Environment Program data, in the Nile Delta, for example, one-fifth of the arable land of Egypt can be flooded by rising water, which will affect about 10 million people (Mank 3). Scientists state that in addition to sea-level rise, rise of global temperature will lead to changes in the quantity and distribution of precipitation. As a result, there is a strong possibility of natural disasters such as floods, droughts, hurricanes, etc.; harvests will fall in the affected areas and will increase in other zones (due to increasing concentration of carbon dioxide). Climate warming may cause a geographic

Introduction To Dual Diagnosis Health And Social Care Essay

Introduction To Dual Diagnosis Health And Social Care Essay Over the last ten years in mental health, there has been a significant change and considerable debate about the definition of dual diagnosis, this terminology refers to a mental health disorder combined with substance misuse (Department of Health, 2002). This can cover a broad range of disorders from learning disabilities and substance abuse of legal or illegal drugs to severe mental illness such as schizophrenia and substance misuse of cannabis or alcohol (Department of Health, 2002). However in medicine dual diagnosis is an umbrella term, for a primary and secondary disorder for example diabetes and hypertension (Sowers Epstein, 1995) This research proposal will focus on the client group duality of psychosis and substance misuse of cannabis or alcohol. Psychosis can be defined as a severe mental health disorder in which thought and emotions are significantly impaired, whereby people can lose contact with reality. However the symptoms can vary between negative and positive, the negative symptoms can cause apathy, a reduction or absence of social skills, resulting in confused thoughts which impair their ability to concentrate or complete instructions. The positive symptoms can be defined as either visual or auditory hallucinations or delusional thoughts, where a person may have an undeniable belief in something false (National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE), 2011). However substance abuse can aggravate psychosis leading to further hallucinations, which is associated with a wide range of negative outcomes, such as higher rates of relapse, increased hospitalisation (revolving door clients), suicide, housing issues and poorer levels of social functioning, such as poverty, violence, criminality and social exclusion, less compliance with treatment, greater service costs to National Health Service (NHS) or the criminal justice system and government services (Department of Health, 2007). More significantly The World Health Organization (WHO) reported 51,353 admissions of drug-related mental health disorders in 2010/11. These admissions have increased year on year and are now nearly twice as high as they were ten years ago, therefore families are at greater risk of having a family member diagnosed with dual diagnosis (The World Health Organization , 2012). Significantly the impact of the dually diagnosed within families is drastic, family dynamics are altered by challenging and difficult situations within the home, by displaying disruptive and aggressive behaviours (Biegel et al, 2007). Clearly people with dual disorders have strained interactions with their families. However when relationships are strained families might be less willing to help, the relative with dual diagnosis which could contribute to higher rates of homelessness and social problems (Clarke, R E; Drake, R E, 1994). Yet family members may have differing amounts of contact and distancing, because of the negative impacts of their behaviour. However someone in the family takes the role of main caregiver, being the person most directly linked to the caring of the dually diagnosed whilst care giving not only affects their QOL, it also impacts on possible depressive symptoms and research has indicated that care giving burden has a risk factor for early mortality (Biegel et al, 2007), (Marcon et al, 2012) (Walton-Moss et al, 2005) Yet a lack of social support, and informal and formal care, has been found to be the most important source that predicts the burden of family caregivers (Biegel et al, 2007) although informal caring occurs naturally within family relationships, which is typically unpaid, this goes beyond the caring expected of these relationships in contrast to a paid formal carer (Chaffey Fossey, 2004) additionally being a carer can raise difficult personal issues about duty, responsibility, adequacy and guilt (Shah et al, 2010). Research into the impact of care giving shows that carers suffer significant psychological distress and experience higher rates of mental ill health than the general population, the triggers for distress are as follows; worry, anger, guilt, and shame; financial and emotional strain; marital dissatisfaction, physical effects of the stress of living with a substance abuser (Biegel, et al 2007). However without the contribution of the UKs 6.4 million unpaid carers health and social care services would collapse. In 2037 its anticipated that the number of carers will increase to 9 million (Carers UK, 2012). Worldwide several authors have argued for service systems to acknowledge and address family members need to ensure their own well-being, as well as to ensure effective community support for people living with mental illness (Chaffey Fossey, 2004) (Igberase et al 2012) (Carey Leggatt, 1987). The last ten years have seen major reform of the law as it relates to carers; consequently families have been forced to give up work to care for their relatives. Family carers need assistance to prevent becoming unwell themselves (Carers UK, 2012). Therefore supporting carers must be a central part of government reform, which acknowledges the family as associated clients who desperately need support. This is paramount because relatives often know little about how the interactions between mental illness and substance misuse are interchangeable. Therefore families need practical information about dual disorders, to help recognise the signs of substance abuse, and strategies for its management for example medication adherence and recognising relapse triggers. Addressing these factors would enable the improvement in the dually diagnosed directly related to greater outcomes in the well-being of the family (Mueser Fox, 2002). Overview, context and background information relevant to topic It costs the UK Â £1.3 billion a year in carers benefits and lost taxes whereby family members are becoming increasingly responsible for providing support, although in 2012 the British government submitted the Care and Support Bill which will guide future services for caregivers. Families will no longer be treated as an extension of the person they are caring for, they will have a right to an assessment, this will give carers much better access to support them balance their caring roles and responsibilities (Carers UK, 2012). Yet informal carers may experience less choice about the discontinuation of care in comparison to volunteer or paid carers, possibly due to love of the family member and a sense of duty, it is essential that the family understand the facts about dual diagnosis, to have every hope for recovery of the family (Department of Health, 2007) Additionally health services should acknowledge the families by assessing them as associated clients so that carers can learn to recognise the triggers of caregiver burden and moreover be given general education and health promotion (Rethink, 2007). However in 2006, the College of Occupational Therapists (COT) announced a 10 year vision for occupational therapy in mental health which included by 2013 for practitioners to have extended their scope of practice across a range of agencies to meet the occupational needs of mental health services (COT, 2006) Statement of the problem proposed to be investigated The proposed research intends to investigate, what are the experiences of people who are carers for people with dual diagnosis? General aim(s) of the proposed research To find out how families cope living with someone with dual diagnosis? What are their biggest challenges? To identify the current experiences from the perspective of the carer regarding the impact of dual diagnosis, the burden; grief and the loss of their relative. Relevance, significance or need for the study The relevance to occupational therapy and the health service; carers are associated clients and therefore need to be taken into consideration when assessing this client group. Furthermore the lacking of occupational therapy literature in this area makes a clear case for the proposed research. Chapter 2: Literature Review Introduction to the chapter Literatures in dual diagnosis are largely separate, mainly based in substance abuse or mental health fields. However over the past decade, family work in dual diagnosis has been mainly focused on client outcomes and not the families well-being or quality of life QOL. However occupational therapy literature is also limited, lacking investigation of occupational needs identified from the families perspective. However a considerable amount of literature has been published on descriptions of occupational therapists roles by defining and establishing what an occupational therapist does within the multi-disciplinary team in mental health services, but not specifically to dual diagnosis (Brown, 2011) (Hyde, 2001)(Lloyd et al, 2008). Therefore it is beneficial for occupational therapists to have a better understanding of the families perspectives, as associated clients to enable additional support for the caregiver thus improving outcomes for the whole family. There is a plethora of literatures, on outcomes associated with family support for the dually diagnosed, the majority of studies examined the relationship between family involvement and client outcomes such as reduction in mental health symptoms, engagement in treatment services, lower hospitalisation rates, improved decrease in substance abuse, sustained remission (Clark, 2001) (Mueser Fox, 2002) (Biegel et al, 2007). Although the high service costs of treating the substance abuser and the frequent involvement of relatives in the lives of dually diagnosed clients, there are few resources to help clinicians engage and collaborate with families (Mueser Fox, 2002). This implies that families or informal carers can easily become the main source of care when treatment fails, the family being the last resort (Clark 2001). On the other hand, some research has shown that individuals with dual diagnosis are less satisfied with their family relationships than those with a severe mental illn ess alone (Kashner et al. 1991) and that receiving family support may exacerbate difficulties by increasing conflict (e.g. supply of additional money may be used for drugs, existing poor family dynamics worsen carer-client relationship). Conversely research is lacking in the support of families caring for the dually diagnosed (Biegel, et al, 2007) (Townsend, et al, 2006). In contrast families are often the most significant people in the dually diagnosed life, this unique relationship puts families in the central position of being able to encourage the dually diagnosed to take the necessary steps towards recovery by providing direct care such as practical help, personal care, emotional support as well as financial support (Clarke, R E; Drake, R E, 1994) (Shah et al, 2010) (Mueser Fox, 2002). The impact of mental illness on families is usually conceived in terms of caregiver burden, this experience may help determine the quality of life QOL for family members, the most significant being, isolation, coping with behavioural problems, and relationship problems between family members (Clark, 2001). Mueser et al, (2009) study of 108 families conducted a randomised control trial utilising Lehmans QOL interview instrument with satisfactory reliability and validity (Lehman, 1998) for the diagnosed, the caregiver was assessed using the family experiences interview schedule (FEIS) with established reliability and validity which did not incorporate the QOL for the family this was not addressed. The findings from this study found that motivating relatives, to participate in family intervention can address the disruptive effects. These stressors that affect quality of life include; worry, anger, guilt, and shame; financial and emotional strain; marital dissatisfaction, physical effects of stress of living with a substance abuser (Biegel et al, 2007). Additionally Biegel et al (2007) exploratory, non-experimental cross-sectional survey design conducted interviews / surveys with 82 females with dual diagnosis and 82 family members and considered the caregivers experience as moderate, and found that behavioural problems contribute to the burden affecting their quality of life, the strength of this study is acknowledging how substance abuse impacts on the role of care giving which was also tested by applying FEIS. Many studies of family carers of persons with mental health and or substance abuse issues consider how families quality of life is affected, the main themes highlighted that emerges throughout the reviewed literatures are caregiver burden which is documented as worry, anger, guilt, isolation, stress which results in a diminishment of QOL of family members (Biegel et al, 2007) (Chaffey Fossey, 2004) (Shah, Wadoo, Latoo, 2010) (Chan, 2010). Behavioural problems have been found to be the strongest predictor of caregiver burden across chronic illnesses (Biegel et al, 2007). In contrast Jokinen Brown, (2005) conducted a focus group study which included 15 subjects would argue that there are positive aspects of lifelong care giving and quality of family life, the study acknowledged the concerns for the health of all family members (Jokinen Brown, 2005). Research in the QOL of care giving highlights that carers suffer significant psychological, distress and experience higher rates of mental ill health than the general population. Therefore by improving the QOL of carers will likely to reduce caregiver burden that requires further research to explore the lived experiences of families living with the dually diagnosed (Shah et al, 2010). However, literatures addressing the family as a collective unit and the impact of care giving on each family members role is lacking therefore this literature reviews the research. The majority of family caregivers, mostly women report experiencing moderate to high levels of depression as well as stress, this type of informal care giving is taken on in addition to existing roles and responsibilities (Chaffey Fossey, 2004) (Biegel et al, 2007) (St-Onge Lavoie, 1997). Traditionally, informal care was supplied by women but nowadays women are not only more likely to work, but also likely to be significant contributors to family finances. For women, this implies that earnings will be lost due to informal care increasing. However women play a central role in care-giving which may impact on their well-being more than other members of the family (St-Onge Lavoie, 1997). Although according to shah et al (2010) women have higher rates of depression than men in the care-giving role (Shah et al, 2010). However male carers tend to have more of a managerial style that allows them to distance themselves from the stressful situation to some degree by delegating tasks (Shah et al, 2010). Significantly (Mays Holden Lund, 1999) Interviewed 10 male caregivers and the findings, men expressed their means of coping by being realistic and action-oriented in response to their feelings. However the effect of care giving on children can be considered by the physical changes to normal growth, for example migraines, inflammation of the lining of the colon, and ulcers (Biegel et al, 2007) (Townsend et al, 2006). Tracy Martin, (2006) examined the effects of dual diagnosis via cross-sectional survey design which examined the types of support provided by minor children and the differences in support perceived by the child versus the support perceived by the adult. The findings that the role of children is often ignored or neglected, the effects are referred to as a role reversal parental child or parentification thus resulting in negative developmental outcomes for the child, although a weakness with this study is the support perceived by the child is not the views of the children but by the mothers reporting on both, these findings represent a design bias (Tracy Martin, 2006). Significantly Rupert et al (2012) aim to identify the issues when engaging children whose parents have a dual diagnosis explored the perspectives of 12 children via semi-structured interviews. A strength with this study is that the authors were able to elicit the sensitive data ethically by gathering information about secrecy issues around their parents substance abuse and remaining loyal to their parents, children experience negative times spent with their parents, with family arguments and the knowledge of when the parent abuses substances these findings represent the need to acknowledge childrens perspectives as associated clients (Reuper et al, 2012). The authors acknowledge that the study does not recognise the other family members within the household that could provide an exploratory view of their perspective. Although the effect of care giving on siblings is lacking, Sin et al (2012) studied the phenomena of understanding the experiences of siblings of individuals with first episode psychosis. Qualitative semi-structured interviews with 31 sibling participants researched that they had somehow lost their brother or sister as his or her character had changed since the onset of their diagnosis (Sin et al, 2012) Younger siblings were much more likely to cope by withdrawing and not getting involved, they often reported that they were not made aware of information and resources available to help with the situation and were also less likely to want to know about the illness (Sin et al, 2012). Strength of this study is the qualitative exploratory semi-structured interviews, and the themes that emerged although this study does not address the issues of substance abuse or the quality of life of the other family members. The gap in the literature is that quality of life does not consider the affects of mental health and substance abuse on the family. This paper has not been able to locate any studies that consider the qualitative exploratory lived perspectives of all family members living with the dually diagnosed, and the impact on their quality of life, therefore due to the lack of research on families living with the dually diagnosed this research seeks to explore their perspectives. To conclude Health professionals should focus on the familys environmental context, and their perceptions of their relative with mental illness, thus by assuming that each family is different, clinicians should evaluate how family dynamics can affect the families quality of life and how theses interactions impact in their plan of care (Walton-Moss et al, 2005). However, numerous studies have looked at the effects of family involvement on the outcomes of the dually diagnosed, current literatures are lacking on the quality of life of family members, and does not consider the effects of mental health and substance abuse on the family, this provided the focus for the present research. The relevance to occupational therapy The relevance to occupational therapy services is to lessen the burden on the carers so that they can continue in their caring role, being fully informed of diagnosis, relapse triggers, substance abuse, and the available services so that they can continue their caring role. Statement of aims To explore the perspectives of carers of clients with dual diagnosis To explore the perspectives of the carers regarding substance misuse To find out how carers cope, living with someone with dual diagnosis, what are their biggest challenges? Research question proposed to be investigated To explore the lived experiences of a family that lives with the dually diagnosed client. Chapter 3: Methodology Description and justification of research Design A qualitative semi-structured interview which utilises open ended questions, has been chosen because these methods lend themselves to exploring the familys perspective and meanings of living with the dually diagnosed, this will permit individual members of the family narrative to be acknowledged. Moreover the researcher will ask questions in similar ways to all participants, which will attempt to maximise the confidence in the research reliability and validity (Hicks, 2009). This method will attempt to understand a complex novel phenomenon, whereby the researcher needs to understand that the concepts and variables that emerge may be different from the aims, sought by the study (Pope Mays, 2006). In contrast focus groups were not chosen due to the consensus of a group of people rather than the individual perspectives from the family (Pope Mays, 2006). The research will be conducted in the participants home, due to purposive sampling methods in which sites are selected on the basis that they are typical of the phenomenon being investigated (Pope Mays, 2006: 115). This will attempt to justify the rationale for the research taking place in the home in environment (Pope Mays, 2006). Moreover purposeful sampling techniques will be used to obtain participants whereby the researcher identifies specific people to take part (Hicks, 2004). However an aspect which illustrates rigour can be identified through member checking, whereby cross-checking findings with participants, can help to refine explanations, and aims to reduce subjectivity in processing of data analysis (Pope Mays, 2006). Therefore Living with dual diagnosis through the families eyes, can be addressed by using semi-structured interviews whereby rigor can be associated with this type of approach, due to data collected from as many appropriate sources to provide in-depth information (Pope Mays, 2006). Indication and justification of required number of Participants The participants will be family members of the dually diagnosed client, that attend a community mental health daycentre. However this study acknowledges the stigma attached to mental health services, as recent studies have shown that public education campaigns on mental illness and the integration have done little to alter the stigma associated with mental health (Schulze Angermeyer, 2003). Conversely the recruitment of participants may rely upon their visit to the day centre or if not appropriate for them then the dually diagnosed participation at the centre and the passing on of the flyer or information about the study, requiring no attendance at the day centre is necessary, due to the research being conducted in the participants family home. However It is argued by Crouch McKenzie (2006) that for in-depth qualitative studies small numbers of cases facilitates the researchers association with the participants, and enhances the validity therefore a maximum of 20 participants in total will be recruited to allow sufficient time to analyse the collected data (Crouch McKenzie, 2006). However snowballing sampling, was not the chosen method of recruitment because recruited participants in the study, would refer and reccommend future participants (Patton, 2002). Organisation of access to and recruitment of possible participants Participants for this study will be obtained through voluntary participation advertised via flyers and posters at a community mental health daycentre (Appendix 7), the flyers will provide instructions for participants to contact the researcher, the purpose of the study; requirements to be a volunteer, and the time commitment of the volunteers will be listed on the flyer, once families (maximum total of 20 people) are recruited for the study, the researcher will remove the flyers and posters. When volunteers respond, a telephone screening interview, approximately 5 minutes per person, will be conducted to determine if the individual family members meet the inclusion criteria. Families that respond and meet the inclusion criteria will be consented and assented (if appropriate) and recruited to participate in the study. The researcher will speak with the families, and communicate with each family member to set up a meeting time and place that is convenient for all members (Pope Mays, 2006). Inclusion/exclusion criteria of participants The validation for the inclusion and exclusion criteria relies on the family homogeneity that they are composed of being related and living together, therefore similar participants may enable a more in-depth enquiry into their shared and distinctive experiences (Hicks, 2004) The inclusion criteria eligibility: a) Family member is living with the person diagnosed with dual diagnosis. b) Family member is capable of engaging in verbal communication pertaining to semi-structured interviews. c) Family member is above 16 d) A family consisting of two or more members (max 4) not including the dually diagnosed client. e) English speaking and capacity to reflect participate. The exclusion criteria: a) Family member is below the age of 16. b) The diagnosed family member with dual diagnosis. c) No mental disorders or substance misuse disorders. d) Non-English speaking or with a cognitive deficit disorder. The semi-structured interviews may discuss topics or issues which are sensitive to the participants, these difficulties can be averted by a procedure of gaining on-going consent and assent for the 16-18 year olds (appendix 2) (Wiles et al, 2007). If distress occurs then the researcher can either stop the activity or will move on to the next area. It will be made clear to participants that they can decline to answer any particular questions or discuss topics that they feel uncomfortable with and can leave the research at any time, additional support and information will be available (Wiles et al, 2007). Indication of Ethical issue relevant to the proposal The researcher should at all times respect the autonomy of the individual by allowing the participant the freedom from control or influence of the study. Additionally the researcher has a duty to uphold beneficence which is the obligation to maximise benefits and minimise harm (Domholdt, 2000). Justice should be maintained throughout which is the obligation to treat each person in accordance with what is morally right and proper, therefore informed consent and ascent will be obtained via the Participant Information Sheet (approximately 30 min) (Appendix 1). Once the inclusion criteria has been met and each of the participants agree to join the study, a meeting time and place for informed consent, form review and data collection can be scheduled. The researcher will review (1) the purpose of the study, (2) an explanation of the procedures including the interviews, and the interview process, (3) an explanation of possible benefits and/or risks or discomforts (4) Consent to audiotape semi-structured interview (amended consent form), and an explanation of the subjects rights and confidentiality, the subjects will be asked to repeat their understanding of the study and procedures in their own words. Once full understanding has been demonstrated of the purpose and procedures of the study, the researcher will ask the participants to sign the consent form. Research approval General approval to be sought from Brunel University Research Ethics committees. Ethical approval for the research study is to be obtained from Brunel University, additional permission to be sought from the community mental health day centre (gatekeepers) to recruit participants via flyers and posters (Brunel University West London, 2010). Discussion of ethical considerations related to participation and consent Due to possibility of participants being aged from 16-18 assent will be required which is a term for participants too young to give informed consent but who are old enough to understand the proposed research, including the expected risks and possible benefits, and the activities expected of them as subjects. Assent by itself is not adequate, however. If assent is given, informed consent must still be obtained from the subjects parents or guardian (Domholdt, 2000). Ethical issues will arise throughout the research process, from initial planning to writing up and data analysis, due to interviews concerning private experience (Kvale, 2007). The researchers will respect the privacy of the participants by making it clear to them that they are free to decide what information they wish to share with the researcher and that they should feel under no pressure or obligation to discuss matters that they do not wish too. Data regarding the patient, family or the community, which will have the potential to identify them, will be omitted, Indication of any risks and benefits to participants and/or researcher The possible risk to the participant is the discussion of sensitive issues, due to the nature of the research and the psychological aspect of discussing experiences. If distress occurs then the researcher can either stop the activity or will move on to the next area. It will be made clear to participants that they can decline to answer particular questions or discuss particular topics (Wiles et al, 2007). Moreover the non-therapeutic approach, whilst designed to advance knowledge and therefore be of collective benefit, it is not expected to give a direct benefit to the research subject (Wiles, Crow, Charles, Heath, 2007). The risk to the researcher is conducting the study in the participants home, the researcher will have to abide by the Suzy Lamplugh Trust lone worker policy (Suzy Lamplugh Trust, 2012) (appendix 4 ) therefore a full risk assessment will need to be completed. Additionally the researcher will indemnifying against risk, to either the researcher or to participants, by taking out insurance for a period of time limited to the research process. Consideration of issues of confidentiality and data security In order to protect confidentiality, the researcher will identify the subjects for this study by the role that the participants fulfil in the family for example mother, son or daughter. Once all data is collected and analysed the interviews will be transcribed, and the audio tapes will be stored in a locked, secure location until the study is completed, after completion, the primary data will be destroyed and all other data will be destroyed and discarded according to data protocol up to two years (Brunel University West London, 2010). Materials or equipment The interviewer is the instrument in this type of evaluation; the instrument can be affected by factors like fatigue, personality, and knowledge, as well as levels of skill, training, and experience. According to (McNamara, 2009), the strength of the general interview guide approach is the ability of the researcher to ensure that the same general areas of information are collected from each interviewee. The equipment required to analyse the data is software for qualitative data analysis which is ATLAS.ti 7, as a tool for enhancing rigour this software is available at Brunel University (Atlas.ti Qualitative Data Analysis, 2012). The training implications required is a one hour training session. Additionally an audio tape recorder is required for the semi-structured interview; a limitation is that the interviewees may be unable to put their thoughts into words and difficulties of analysing data from semi-structured interviews (Atlas.ti Qualitative Data Analysis, 2012). Comprehensive description of Procedures The study will consist of 45 weeks part-time work (appendix 9) the research will be advertised through flyers and posters at the mental health day centre after seeking approval from the day centre (gatekeepers), The recruitment drive will be for two months via dually diagnosed participation at mental health day centre which the researchers have no affiliation too