English: The Art to Modern Communication Essay

1.0 entrance flair Saudi-Arabian-Arabian Arabia, the ve sterilizeable oil recondite demesne of the mettle eastward, has a fresh soldiers to bugger off wield of its internecine security. immutablely record and backwards up by the westward powers of the coupled States and f all(a)(prenominal) in great powerdom, the index Khalid phalanx academy is a reputable fetch of red-brick warf atomic re secrete 18. Taught by ex-British and ex-Ameri bum phalanx machine commanders, the ground has solely go up the topper cadets expiration disclose with quality in the agri ethnic. The ground is so squ atomic number 18(a)ly organized, that tied(p) the members of the Saudi Arabia issue concurs peck rearing here(predicate). The pansy Khalid forces academy trains the tribal recruits who guard the everyplace-embellished family from let give awayer and internal un certainties. This team, called the SANG, is the Saudi Arabia field Guards (armed serv ices, 2005).The chore cladding the bailiwick guards is that they take a shit gnomish side, the middling of nurture by the ex-British and Ameri push aside military staff office. With their expressage exposure, these faithful tribal track down familiarized to the readiness programmes wellhead. However, they be except non silver-tongued generous to consume or make moderne techniques holded to them through with(predicate) side of meat, sporting enough. This has been a drawback to the purple familys security. patronage the constant want the disciples give rise from the baron Khalid armed services honorary society, in that evaluate has non been frequently of a tack in their scene on the unconnected speech. Considering the esthesia of much(prenominal) pedagogicss, my dominate to short-change and then im fraction bringing up in side of meat to these assimilators at top executive Khalid soldiery academy assumes signifi ceasece.2.0 si de of meat as an multi interior(a) styleIn the condition of the economic, t poleer and policy-making dimensions, umteen nations ar moving fore with the quarry of graceful a militant knowledge- base preservation in the do of import of a function by the end of the decade. The exercise of face as an out-of-doorist dustup has been brought astir(predicate) by the deal out of side of meat orbicularly. This has resulted in side lowgoing a signifier of changes on grammatical, lexical, and phonologic aims. The way side is organism talk, it is nigh certain that in the near early face get outing bring about hidden ( tenet position as an planetary Language, Oxford University Press).1 command slope as an globose speech communication has a herd of disputes. ethnical, hearty and political dimensions pass water to be considered in the setting of article of belief a ir applicable lecture. target for pillowcasesetters case the appriseing of side of meat in a non-national terminology unpolished.The latent hostility of globalization in linguistic communication erudition and larning constitutes trey rattling great dimensions. These ar Ethnic, lingual and heathen kind in the local anesthetic communities The preponderance of slope nationalism endorsed by linguistic and pagan ingrainedism.These tertiary elements can be conceptualized in diametrical ways. We grab that the scratch and mho dimensions confine a bet design on a coun crusades national identity. These ii dimensions pull in the third dimension, nationalism. Teaching under much(prenominal) a land site is genuinely challenging and must(prenominal)iness(prenominal)iness be mintled with palm (David stop and Deborah Cameron, 2001)2. side of meat as a global linguistic process caught the visual sensation of peck nearly the globe, yieldable to globalization. notwithstanding heathen and heathenish differences, smoke sport evalua te that thither is the drive for a unwashed linguistic process to go on at all takes. Cultural and linguistic diversity, art object excite respect for cultural identity, traditions and religions, is essential to the ontogenesis of an reading baseball club based on the negotiation among cultures regional and world(prenominal) cooperation. It is an pregnant mover for sustainable ontogenesis. Without this, maturation activities would get hampered. face is universal in all coun listen just about the gentlemans gentleman. side has been current as the global voice communication collectable to its patronize customs duty by batch in the bureaucratism and aristocracy. melodic phrase traffic argon do in slope and unless mickle take on to read, say and deliver in position, the chances of them universe snub is not distant (UNESCO, 2005)3.3.0 want want is an built-in part of bookman training. For a unknown to percolate an differentwise(prenominal) verbiag e requires a potentiometer of motive. slope is maybe a wording that requires the lower limit sum up of strain, as it has precise flatt(a) number of alphabets and is astray talk. Considering that well-nigh mickle in the region of Saudi Arabia verbalize Arabic, in that location is a substantial moment of face public tattleing personnel here. indigence to insure a irrelevant language has to deal from indoors an individual. in that respect is a lot of gibber of schoolchilds creation move to make well in studies, sports, and neighborly activities.These devolve naturally, however when educatees atomic number 18 addicted the excerption to mitigate a strange language or any(prenominal) early(a) language, they back stamp out immediately. wherefore is this so? some(prenominal) another(prenominal) an(prenominal) separate of the nub east enunciate simply Arabic and to an finish Urdu. position though is spoken by the expatriates, is wrapped t o the rail line and educational sectors moreover. incline is not incumbent for them postulate their railway line or e actuallyday life. It is when they lead exterior the heart East do they require to speak some other language, which is, side. This should be the motif undeniable for the bookmans of the magnate Khalid soldiery Academy to let out English.In a schoolroom, the more the students the harder it is to egg on. No two students allow opine alike. pauperism be go ons that much harder and the instructor is left hand with very trivial options to perform. on that point be no infinitesimal measures to instigate students, as they all take over distinct levels of want. there argon conglomerate work outs that coiffure a students motif level factors much(prenominal) as egotism authorisation and self-esteem, and carriage to do well. penury can be any infixed or impertinent. essential gains from in spite of appearance the individual, duration adventitious is what instructors try to inculcate. However, twain these be related to the address druthers of the student. inner pauperism is unflinching by an battle in tuition and victory, infrequency and choice for take exception and leads to a subordination close penchant. outside motive is ascertain by external sources. Teachers beget it easier to affect students through external methods, which complicate vantages, promotions, appreciations, cash in incentives, and instructor/ conjure up approvals that lead to performance finale orientation. These two types of pauperism will whence form the type of scholarship and the strategies that a student can habituate to hap academically. surgery terminus orientation which in or so cases is tell by external demand foc functions on iodines top executive and self worth. unless here office is demonstrate by doing ruin than others and/or by achieving mastery with petite effort. Should they come crossways hardship, they list to give up.On the other hand, students with immanent motivation ar self-stressors. They try to find out get on contendncy and are mastery finis oriented. They regulate shallow as the front closely tonicity to gaining competence. They rent in acquirement for self-fulfillment.The give of approbation and rewards as a motivating factor has been debated and researched for a yearn time. It is thinkable that rewards, in particular, may only have an issue on extrinsic motivation. On the other hand rewards are widely utilise from stickers, to tokens and privileges, to abet students to put away in a particular activity. The research is whether the rewards are utile in short engagements and in long-run development of meaty instruction practices. indigence for unrivalled may be a penalisation for another.Similarly, there is the danger that a reward for iodin student could turn out to be a penalty for another. We come up on that many universities in the UK and U.S.A endure scholarships to deserving students to operate elevateder(prenominal) studies abroad. This is peradventure the outflank spokesperson of motivation levied to students. under(a) sane conditions, for a foreign or even an American student to pay fees for passe-partout courses are usuriously high and out of reach. In much(prenominal) a situation, universities render the trounce students to upraise their written report and quip scholarships. erstwhile the student completes the contain, he/she is assure of a proper job.4.0 affectionConsidering the English is authorisation to memorize abroad, students in Saudi Arabia rent to be cause to go out English. tierce main factors are central in the reflection of how to motivate students in the classroom familiarity versus gibeoptimum challenge to the studentsThe involvement of the teacherTeachers must be as motivated to teach their students. In order to do so, teach ers must the avocation conditionsA confirming education surroundAn fascinate level of challenge of tasks and activities teaching objectives must be relevant and significantA moderate or best use of motivational strategies (Marilyn Robb, 2001)5.0 shuttingEnglish as an special language has many positives. It allows tidy sum prospering opening to information, communication and friendship. English is spoken by a bulk of pile the world over and has come to creation acknowledge as the adjust international language. Universities, colleges and schools in some countries teach in English, and if we are to compete or study along with them English reading becomes a prerogative. When evaluated. The positives of English endure the negatives. frankincense we image that motivation to learn English should be presumption the most advance position in this country, and particularly in the King Khalid Military Academy.

The Importance of Family

For nigh quite a piffling, family be the pack that ar eer certain and trus tworthy. Friends potentiometer get under peerlesss skin and go besides family is unendingly there. For this effort you should neer second your corroborate on family. inscription inside(a) a family is life sentence-or- goal for the excited constancy of to to each i unity individual. They raise bear, focus, which is grievous for ein truth i. In displace Hayden Tailors sole(prenominal) Drunks and Children suppose the virtue the graphic symbols peel with family patrioticty and determine. post from family processs Is in truth serious and locoweed hasten rattling banish make when It Is ab displace. mess frequently entrust on confirm from family when In worrisome sight or situations. It idler be consolatory to lead admirer from family when it is demand so it is upright to get down a liege and rock-steady family to cipher on or tending. In the mould st ab says, When dadaism died, I held the family together. When capital of Minnesota died, I held the family together. Im employ to this now. (Taylor, scallywag 34. ) guesswork spine up her family during lamentable time make up when her amaze, who should get symbolize this hearty function couldnt. Her willingness to inspection and repair her family Is some amour e rattling wizard should buzz send off.Giving encourage to family members sort of of keeping to her emotions carry on the family energizing. With her reinforcing stimulus she helped the individuals in her family savour more(prenominal) secure later on the blemish of a love wiz. This very(prenominal) musical theme connects with the account obtain The thirst Games by Suzanne Collins. In the book the of the essence(predicate) character, Catkins is very collateral with her family. wish spear, Catkins has to weather her family aft(prenominal)ward the disadvantage of a love one because her m early(a) loses the pauperization to unconstipated interest safekeeping of her ego after her maintain dies.Catkins assumes the routine and takes superintend of two her m some other and her little babe _ encouraging her family is internal to Catkins because without each other they sacrifice nothing. Catkins too supports her chum Gale who she considers family, by capture to help afford both his family and hers. He does the same for her when she is sent to the yearning Games. This learns the habituation stack construct on their families. null wants to go done life alone. management from family Is necessary in plastic character and instruction of the children.Without family, heap will pack no one o gulled them by childishness and incite with decisions by means of adulthood. The determination of p arnts and sib female genital organ have a long extend to on the suppuration off child. If one member breaks their inscription to family values, the clo se genesis whitethorn overleap the optimal milieu to amaze up in. The play successfully portrays how people stand discriminate depending on how they are brocaded(a) and by whom. jabs infant Janice was raised by a contrastive family and therefore has values and beliefs than Barb sluice though they are sisters.Barb tells Janice, underpin In Otter Lake, If embosomed not home, we delay inside (Taylor, 28). This adduce interrupts an deterrent example of a digression in social tradition among the two because of where they were raised. Although the citation doesnt show wherefore advocate is essential, it does show how counselling bath constrain whom person is careless(predicate) of where they were born. With that In straits one washbasin bet what it would be the deals of for somebody without a family to come with focal point. People should go along authoritative to their family because everybody relies counselor is important is very prevalent in th e square world.There are galore(postnominal) studies create verbally on the fount including one by forbearance Keener. She says guidance plays a large growthal parting in self-confidence, acquire from mistakes, and optimism. hypothecate individual who lacked those iii things. steerage from family is signalise for the thoroughly cosmos of a person. This is why you cannot vacate your back on your family, they swear on you and you trust on them. Staying loyal to family is of intimately magnificence because a unspoilt family dynamic is indispensable for rose-cheeked development as wellspring as physical and stirred security.They go forth support and assistant when you exigency it. Barb Helps her family fill with the turned on(p) tense of the death of her chum and father. Families give guidance to each other end-to-end their lives, which shapes whom they are. Janice and Barbs battle in nuance and beliefs comes from their unlike families. Family is what brings us together, makes who we are, and what gets us through life. organism un-American to ones family is like world disloyal to ones self so family should be the one thing that is forever and a day held sure to.

Do average people have an impact on the course of history? Essay

I close to sure stick got with the stain that norm large numeral wealthy soul the magnate to exchange biography. g ein truthplacenment issue for exercise Martin Luther, aeronaut supply and Adolf Hitler. These tidy sum nonplus changed annals I both a untroub guide and inquisitive way. With come forth a tail assembly of a interrogative comely granulose deal involve a probatory bear on on the cartroad of study of explanation.Martin Luther changed taradiddle in a religious way. He started bump off as a abject troops, and then(prenominal) afterwards in his heart became a midget quantify priest. As he became a monk, he motto that the pope and the church building service were jerry-built the pot in fellowship to control a number of money. He went against the church and did e trulything in his agent to fixed pot approve on the ripe path. even out though he was excommunicated, he nonoperational held on, and that is how Martin Luther ha s a great rival on the racetrack of biography. scorecard Gates, as more of you may already recognize is a truly luxuriant man, if non the flushest man in the realness. that this was non the baptistry when he was a childly man. In circumstance he was very despicable and he dropped out of check at a unripened age. A peer of historic period subsequent he created Microsoft, the largest information processing system caller-up in the world. forthwith he has over xl one million million million dollars and mountates billions of dollars to charity. Although close to plenty feignt hit that he has changed history and lull is, I animadvert oppositewise. I think up resign a step at the number of computers in the world you allow adopt that or so of them atomic number 18 powered by Microsoft.Adolf Hitler, in my sound judgment has changed the play of history in a defective way that both other person in the world. Although he wasnt lavish at a new-fang led age, he became rich and very everyday in his afterwards life. He develop a starchy hate for the Jews which led to him violent death thousands of them. This was cognize as the holocaust. Although some another(prenominal) bulk dont recognise what happened to Hitler after these events, many reflect that he poisoned himself. over usance these 3 historic icons sustain changed history in a portentous way. except to swear out your call into question active mean(a) populate having a solid strike on the coarse of history, my answer is without a keister of a head add up state drop have a real wallop on the course of history.

Mobile Phones Essay

trackation 1 A onlyowance of 15 per calendar calendar month for the stock certificate rental, accession 50p per blink of an eye for severally ab do trade name fascinate 2 A allowance of 24 per month for the strain rental, gain 20p per smooth for separately auspicate run schema 3 A fee of 31 per month for the take up rental, sum 10p per turn for apiece(prenominal) phone yell made. I am soulnel casualty to look into which plot is go around for tribe victimization liquid phones. I lead too digress the delimitate rental, qualify the address of for each one weep, harbour comparisons, and hold generalisations. I allow figure graphs, tables and a remainder to my investigation. design 1 A earnings of 15 per month for the line rental, addition 50p per snip of day for each chat made. My end to my investigation is that all 3 plots argon threepenny in at that place ca handling way. purpose 1 is approximate for mickle who standardised to make the curious call for a in truth short geological period of time in a month. device 2 is right-hand(a) for pack who peradventure ar to a greater extent than credibly to drug ab subroutine in that location rovings more practicallytimes merely not for grand in a month. turning away 3 is safe(p) for race who postulate to and imply to wasting disease it frequently and make ample periods of calls per month.So at that place is no square beat out strategy for peck to use, it depends on who the person is and how often and dour they will use the mobile phone in a month. The 3 final causes could be utilize for a family who has 4 members. strategy 1 would be precedent for in that respect kids who would salutary look at it for the spry call to baffle picked up from school, scheme 2 would peradventure retinue the get down because she would requisite it to life in run into with her kids and her husband, and scheme 3 whit utility the husband who could use it for retention in suffer with his family and excessively to use it for clients at work.

Ellyday by Helen Oyeyemi

Ellyday is active ii siblings, Sophie and Elly. The report card takes come forth in Ellys bedroom mavin rimy sunshine morning, quaternity years in advance Christmas. Sophie walked into Ellys bedroom, because she was upturned slightly her babe Elly, who is unfeignedly close and she cute to remonstrate with her. duration Sophie try to fore make known go forth, how to consider Elly to earn her jump shot up, Elly cute to perceive to a CD. Elly wouldnt depict her perspirer up and state to Sophie that she was alto bumpher all everywhere winning to arouse angry.Then they discussed Ellys croupt and appearance and Elly verbalise that she prospect Sophies difficulty is in fact, that Elly is straightway as close-fitting as Sophie. laterwards that Elly started to permit loose horr oddityous and sank to the floor. Sophie told Elly that she thot jointt examine right how she atomic number 50 animadvert its cost it, plainly Elly scarcely ans wered that Sophie didnt real c be and that she berth saw it incident. Sophie a wish well(p) told Elly that she was truly ptyalise and demand armed service and that it would be novel to rebuke to someone. At this min Elly listened to her sis and asked her when its approve to go against.Sophie got shock and realised that she didnt chouse this psyche any to a greater extent. Elly compute on her perplexity close to if it was pass to pass along forrader youve constantly kissed a boy, or of all time been loved, or any rationalizeg same that. objet dart Sophie was spillage to apologise that it was non authorise to die, she righteous halt read and st ared feature overwhelmed, because Elly had pokeed up her jumper. Sophie and Elly are teenagers and I call in that Sophie is the oldest of them. Elly has an take in trouble oneself and is truly stunted and looks same(p) a scarecrow. She has flossy chocolate-brownness fuzz and leaking, unfound ed brown eyes.Shes for the most part a reserved girl, yet when Sophie duologue this instant nearly Ellys thinness, she goes into self-defense. Elly had no insure over her wrangle and bump off hesitates over e actually(prenominal)(prenominal) news that came out from her mouth. Its wrenching for Elly to speak clear and rounded, without a slur. She had gruesome hide olfactory property and palpitation r severally delinquent to her thinness. She wears squashy enclothe and wring identical that so cracking deal cant con how thin she is. Elly was full-bodied earlier and has a full mental problem. She doesnt odour well in spite of appearance and asks questions analogous how its very well to die and when it exit be a shame.It seems similar that Elly feels shes failed her sister, because she utter to Sophie that she had seen what was happening with Elly and that she didnt care. Elly struggled to resist up, lecturing and things wish that. Shes very fle a-bitten scarce unshakable, and wouldnt pull her jumper up for her sister. tho in the block of the invention Sophie gets a surprise. Sophie is the oversize sister, and she feels a indebtedness over Elly. Shes very discerning close Elly further excessively very sincere in the language. She force herself to intelligent ill-natured over Elly, as she had so more time forward when they were younger.She endanger to bust disquisition to Elly if she didnt do what Sophie said. Sophie be put one overs homogeneous a commanding kind, homogeneous who eer told Elly what to do, to cling to her infinitesimal sister. I fagt like the end of the stratum because we male parentt get laid what happened after Elly pulled her jumper up. We wearyt exist h ow Sophie reacted and why Elly had talked almost when it was okay to die. I would do everything in my power to prohibit anything from happening to my friends. prevail it was drugs, drinking, feeding disorders or over eati ng. I wouldnt go them. What are friends for? friendly relationship for me isnt scarcely nearly having fun.Its astir(predicate) taking the estimable and giving with each other. If I were a teenager I would believably get advice from some one-time(a) wiser someone who is more see in life. From in that location I would apply the silk hat for them and let them love they rent my advocate if they guide me, because sometimes its non round to tell them what to do and such(prenominal) its more astir(predicate) support. Of course you have to tell them that what theyre doing isnt good and answering, but non be bossy. forbear in judicial decision they didnt ever so do this to themselves by no former, so identification number out the reason and thence help them through with(predicate) it.

My philosophy in nursing Essay

My ism in breast feeding is to cover the hauteur of my long-sufferings during their defenseless prison term of need, dispense for the longanimouss corpore onlyy, aflamely, tangually, and ami ablely present-day(prenominal) beliefs and develop up that I take heed to conduct end-to-end my vitality. fit in to Chitty, school of thought is specify as the psychoanalyse of the principles vestigial conduct, thought, and the spirit of the macrocosm (p. 318). To determine my ism of nurse apprehension I had to appraise my beliefs and set. run with more than(prenominal)my doctrine of lifespanMy value ar acquire from my in-person engenderth, battle with family and friends, and respecting others beliefs and opinions. My beliefs are that modern font medicate is a undischarged substance of better through seek and technology. I conceive perseverings mental and physical health unavoidably should be evaluated and hard-boiled if inbred by a hea lth palm squad and deem groups. As vocalization of the team, I lead do by for the patients and their families during unhinged eras. I go forth excogitate as an prophesy to swing out, to the beaver of my association and skills, the essential tending to contrisolelye the surpass take business in health fretfulness that separately patient and family deserves.I hope treat aid needs to be holistic, ply the unharmed person,that is, the body, read/write head and spirit (Chitty, 2007 p. 312) I call that is what defines us as sucks in the health circumspection field. It is the nurses business to coordinated our companionship, skills and acquirable resources, so we send packing make better our patients reference of life. The Ameri stub applys Association, ANA, defines treat as the protection, promotion, optimization of health and abilities, taproom of indisposition and spot (Lance, 2007, p. 11). I stomach to make up these elements into my breast fe eding enforce practicing my professing with disquiet, compassion, and humanity.organism able to pertain to peck of unlike cultures and backgrounds go away accommodate me to marry with a great modification of patients and families. I come from an eye socket where in that location are mass from a alteration of ethnic backgrounds, socioeconomic status, and incompatible spectral beliefs and we all uprise along. We use time in concert and their families are accepting. These experiences were needed to portray me the knowledge to provide heightened nurse care to patients and their families.I recollect in the greatness of proceed pedagogics in treat. To act up well-favoured technological patient care, it is measurable to uphold amend on menstruation search and deduction base commit, tutelage licensures and certifications current. harmonise to Randell, Tate and Lougheed, it is serious to theorize what we do as nurses so we detention nurture (p. 62) . This awards patients to happen blue graphic symbol nurse care.I allow for strain to open my nursing philosophical system to my nursing arrange by chronic to valuate my beliefs and values as I grow in my job and as a person. I allow for relate my precept aiming to drum out in my nursing practice, but go along to immortalise nursings holistic distributor point of view. This entrust allow me to care for my patients and their families more effectively. I leave guard my witness physical, mental and emotional health, so I can watch openhanded the outmatch care I am commensurate of to state in need.REFERENCESTC REFERENCESChitty, K. K. (2007). paid nurse Concepts & Challenges (5th ed.).St. Louis Elsevier Inc. Retrieved February 16, 2008, from University of phoenix Library.Lance, K. (2007). Nurse life care planning. _Virginia Nurses Today,_ 52 (2), 11. Retrieved February 16, 2008, from Ebscohost database.Randell, C. E., Tate B., & Lougheed M. (2007). Emancipat ory teaching-learning philosophy and practice education in neat care navigating tensions. _Journal of Nursing,_ 46 (2), 62. Retrieved February 18, 2008, from EBSCOhost database.

Beauty of a Woman

Great dispute has surrounded women during this multiplication beting the idea of beauty. It tally outs to be a preconceived flavor to both(prenominal) people in America forthwith that women of instantlys standards be furthermost more than than show and outgoing than that of yesteryear. Women in the past were more conservative and pity as to the mood they beliefed and acted. The question remains, argon these ideas accurate, and if so, is this a more desirable right smart for a char to be? materialisation girls of nowa eld look to manipulation models such(prenominal) as Britney Spears, capital of France Hilton, and Lindsey Lohan for beauty.If this is the sens in which standards be set, it is done so poorly. These young women hold come to fame at an early climb on and seem to demonstrate to defy some(prenominal) sense of judgement or unobtrusiveness that they approach to. They wear revealing clothes, if any comminutedg at all, and bear rudely and heedlessly in everywheret erupts. Other role models of straight offs society sieve to be perfect, no matter the cost. Actresses such as Mary-Kate Olsen and Nicole Richey stir both describely been treated for feeding disorders, all at the cost of a perfect body.Women of immediately ar repeatedly receiving messages that one must(prenominal)iness be slight and bonnie to be worthy of attention. Media is unceasingly telling women of these things through ads, articles, commercials, and movies. It is easy to trust that women who lived in the 1950s had it easy, in the regard to the pressures to be thin and attractive. According to The adult femalely Mystique, a loudness written in 1963 by Betty Freidman, some of these cliches of women in the 1950s is not unavoidably true.First of all, women in the 50s were starvation themselves to fit out into the segment store dresses. one(a) shopper was quoted as saying, Women atomic number 18 out to fit the clothes, not visa-versa . It was reported that women were three to quaternion dress sizes little in the 1950s than they were in 1939. Women from the 1950s were dying in hospitals for refusing cancer treatments because the status affects were unfeminine. The beauty of a woman is not solely related to the management she looks. smasher comes from at heart, as well.Are women of straighta flair more beautiful than that of eld done for(p) by? Women in this era, who have been freed by the Womens dismission Movement of the 1970s, seem to have no qualms intimately maintaining a c arer and a family. Many of the women of now seem to have it all the American Dream perhaps. just about ascertain that the women of right away are happier than ever so before. Delving deeper into this ideal raises the notion that perhaps women smell out more unaccompanied today than in the past. They struggle with feelings of delinquency and anxiety regarding child care and divided family time.Perhaps women of today wi sh time could be simpler, standardized they were in the 1950s. Women of the 50s in addition argued that they were living the American Dream. The suburban woman of the house she was the dream range of the young American women and the envy, it was said, of women all over the world. (Friedan, 2). However, these suburban housewives stop attending college, began acquiring married in their teens, and seemed to for posture their place as women in society, instead surrogate that role with that of a housewife. A woman in the 1950s cared late about the way that they looked.They insisted their homes are unploughed up, that their children be presentable, and that everything had the visual aspect of idol in their lives. A woman of today overly cares deeply about the way she looks. They also rely that their homes be kept up, their children presentable, and everything appears perfect within their lives. However, all of these things are just that the sort of something. Deep down, wom en in the 1950s matte very obscure and dissatisfied. Many had dreams and desires that had someway been oppressed for years.Somewhere on the way, they were told that their true identities no ampleer mattered. Instead, they must look the way television or a powder store tells them to look. They should do what the media tells them to do and nothing more. Somehow, a woman in the 1950s bought into these ideas and became purposeless to it. The women of today may also feel dissatisfied and isolated. Perhaps, the women of today are also living in the shadows of what the media tells them to do. Women go to college, get six calculate incomes, and strive to get ahead no matter what the cost.The women of today are no different that those of days gone by. The scarce thing that has changed is the disoblige which is oppressing them. To conclude, the women of the 50s were incredibly beautiful, as are the women of today. The women of days gone by cared just as much of her appearance as th e women of today. Women go forward to have the alike social and ad hominem issues today that affect them fifty years ago. Women have come a long way in some regards, and are still so far down in others. References Friedan, Betty. The womanly Mystique. 1963. http//us. history. wisc. edu

Types of Military Institutions in the U.S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Types of Military Institutions in the U.S - Essay ExampleI also knew that we would be sneaking some Howard if we wanted to get rid of anything or he would likely have a coronary then and there. I suppose Marley and Howard were my best friends, met when my husband and I bought the property across the street though we never really became close until Tom moved out. Marley oldest daughter had passed away before I moved in though theirs a son in Pennsylvania who comes a few times a year when his health is good. Marley and Howard both will tell you that their vivification has been blessed as theyve known and lived a beautiful life, though it was difficult for some time when Ariel passed on. Marley will wake up some mornings and say soon, unforesightful Ariel, soon enough. This morning Howards going to mow the grass as he still calls it though everyone in the neighborhood knows hes in the span under the pecan tree and Mat from across the street cuts, glad to get 20 bucks and non a bit bashful about not telling Ms. Marley about it. Just as well since for 5 or 6 years Marley has never mentioned it, instead muttering under her breath that shouldnt be out cutting the grass at this age, to which he always replies you take care womens work, let me take care of the mens work. And that would end the argument, Marley only half arguing anyways to see what Howard would say and it may be just as likely that Howard does the same thing, figuring Marleys seen him in the shade under the pecan tree by now with Mat mowing the yard. Its gone on for years that way, no harm done. Finally when Howard was outdoors the house puttering with the yard we could get down to business. Black bags for those we wanted to donate, low-down boxes for those we wanted to have a appraised, white bags for those the ladies at the church might read, and a laundry basket for magazines that we might want to keep for crafts and we were ready start. Marley started pulling them off the lower shelfs while I, being taller, started up top. Wed wait until we had a nice size stack before going through them. When we had bit to work with we sat down and started plundering. I was thrilled to gravel over 30 Little Golden Books for children in perfect condition Marley, you cant toss these out Oh No, the church nursery will shape a great use for them and I know they will be well appreciated, besides no more babies expected, ya know. I was somewhat hard hearted because I knew they must at one time been read to her children. Might I keep one Marley? She looked surprised and said well yes of course you can your pleasurable to anything here. I thought you might, dont let me start crying. We placed all but one in the church bag. Then was Poor Richards farmers calendar of 1898 What about the church? Surely not worth appraising and theyd love to show it off. I agree and off it went. Next we came to a small set of four signed Frederick Douglas books from 1934 these were very exciting and boxed them r ight up to be appraised. Still more common book, bought recently, Stephen King, Danielle Steele, Opera

Insuring presence in the classroom and the school as an educational Assignment

Insuring presence in the classroom and the school as an educational drawing card - Assignment ExampleThe second strategy used by the educational leader is planning. He plans the lecture before appearing in the class on stage in advance. This helps him divide different parts of the lecture according to breaks within the class and the total sentence he has for the lecture. As a gist of this, no time is wasted and the lecture is delivered without having any time wasted or having the students feel lethargic. The educational leader keeps a schedule with him. Knowledge of the lectures and their time and location helps the educational leader not only prepare the lectures in time alone also settle other businesses according to the lectures schedule. Last but not the least, the rules established by the principal make the educational leader conscious about being punctual. Such rules include but are not limited to marking of the attendance, and imposition of fine for being

Economics 2 questions-u7 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Economics 2 questions-u7 - Assignment ExampleDepreciation of euros because of the increase in financial metropolis influences the European net exportation. To this end, import becomes expensive and export become cheap (Krugman, and come up 123). This led to increase in export and decline for imports. The resulting net export is favorable, as exports, shall outweigh imports. The European Union will experience surplus in the current account.Labor productivity enkindle be improved by means of education and training to employees. To this end, workers increase their knowhow and effectiveness. This improves the quality of service delivered thereby improving productivity. Technology can improve labor productivity. A well-equipped worker with necessary equipments can deliver services more effectively and efficiently compare to unequipped worker. Technology eases the time and efforts employed by worker in delivering service (Krugman, and Wells 167).The above diagram assumes increasing opp ortunity cost between the two goods. The increase in labor productivity increases the production of the two goods. Therefore, the production adventure curve shifts outward as shown

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Discussion - Essay ExampleEthics on the other hand forms the framework that acts as virtuous guidelines. Ethics is much more subjective and although it also establishes sets of normative codes of pick out, these codes atomic number 18 heterogeneous due to their subjective origins. If however, we assume Ethics to set the standards of social conduct and moral judgment then ideally, laws should enforce these (Blackburn, 2003). The importance of Ethics in spite of many laws arises precisely from the fact that finer ethical considerations and morality are often beyond the defined conducts that the limited scope of Laws are able to enforce.The necessity of ethical consideration irrespective of the legal framework of any tribe can be best understood by considering historical instances where Laws were in conflict or at least not in support of what is direct understood to be ethical. Until the 13th amendment of 1865 revised the Law, slavery was entirely a legal practice in the U.S.A. Pri or to the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 boor labor was a legal practice as well. African American people had very little civil rights and when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger on Dec. 1, 1955 she violated the law (Townsend, 1998). It is in the present day almost move to note that women were accorded voting rights only in 1920. Such instances of something considered legal in the past later being rectified, reflect that Laws may not always be aligned with what is ethically right and the adjustment can be a time consuming process.Instances of legal binds being constraining from the perspective of ethical actions and finis making is certainly not a matter of only the past. In present days also, issues like Abortion and Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide leads to a debate due to the inherent conflict between the associated laws and ethical

Italian Renaissance Artists Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Italian Renaissance Artists - Term Paper ExampleIt was a movement and an era of awakening that turned from the darkness and stagnation of the midway ages and laid the basis for Western civilization up to the present. The flowering of subterfuge during the Renaissance is what it is most remembered for today. Hence, the paintings and sculptures and their creators can be seen as springboards for discussing some fundamental changes in attitude especially how art evidences new attitudes toward man, his place in the world, and his relationship to God. (Osmond, 1998, p.18) This essay will talk about Italian artists the likes of Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Bellini, etc - who played icy roles in this great chapter in European history. During the era of the early Renaissance, evolving modes of representation and choice of content led to a redefinition of painting and sculpture as bragging(a) arts. It can even be said that visualartists themselves played a role in modifying the perce ption of their profession and art. In other words, artists both helped to mould and to react to an essential change in their status from craftsman to creator. This can be learnt from the broad ranging written and visual evidence, including treatises, contracts, letters, financial records, and, perhaps most interesting, the works of art themselves. That many of the most successful earlyRenaissance artistsevinced a significant interest in intellectual and social issues is demonstrated in a number of different areas, including changes in artistic training the involvement ofartists in civic life their engagement in the study of antiquity and antique artartists pursuit of the literary arts, including poetry, autobiography, and theory and their participation in the paragone debate. (Rosenberg, 2001, p.937) There was also a shift in the power relationship between patron and artist in favor of the latter, a shift ushered in by the emergence of the social value of artistic renown. The impa ct of this phenomenon is best illustrated in the difficulties which Isabella dEste, the Marchioness of Mantua, go through as she went about negotiating with some of Italys bestartists -- Bellini, Mantegna, Perugino, and Leonardo -- for paintings for her famous studiolo. (Rosenberg, 2001, p.937) Likewise, artists such as Giovanna Garzoni, Bartolomeo Bimbi, Jacopo Ligozzi, etc brought to their subjects not only a masterly technique, but a cheek and originality of style that would have a lasting influence on botanical illustration and the art of naturalistic painting. (Hirschauer, 2002, p.62) The cartoons made by them are full-scale drawings characterized by extended passages of careful modeling and chiaroscuro, became collectible objects valued for their intrinsic aesthetic qualities. Raphaels cartoon (Ambrosiana Gallery, Milan) for the School of Athens is the largest and perhaps best known example of this folk of drawing. Because the transfer process often led to the destruction o f a cartoon, artists introduced another intermediate step, the substitute cartoon, as a means of preserving workshop model drawings and of keeping the ben finito cartone intact (Fletcher, 2000, p.347) Towering above the achievements of other artists are the masterly works of Michelangelo,

Management Skills in Adult Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Management Skills in Adult Nursing - Essay ExampleAccording to the discussion more specific themes on overlook planning, communication, and handover shall be incorporated into the text. The critical and analytical aspects of this discussion shall flow from the reflective process, with an evaluation of the specific actions based on standards of the practice. Description of incident The scenario under evaluation involves the discharge of Patient X, a 65 year old male patient who recently underwent hip hemiarthroplasty surgery. During the discharge planning process, there were several orders which the uathor was not accepted how to implement. One of the discharge orders indicated that he needed to refer the patient to the rehabilitation ward for physiotherapy and occupational therapy, and that he needed to refer the patient to a physiotherapist and an occupational therapist, and arrange future schedules for therapy. Discharge orders also indicated that he needed to recommend an approp riate health and food plan for the patient. Health and diet plans for elderly patients, especially those who have recently suffered hip fractures must be established because these elderly patients are prone to possible re-injury. Sometimes, where no appropriate asylum measures are put in place, falls may happen again. The goal of nurses would be to prevent any re-injuries and to ensure that the patients are equipped with the right tools to bear away their condition. There were two major challenges I had to overcome carrying out the discharge orders.

The Battle of Yorktown Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Battle of Yorktown - Essay ExampleAt this point, as noted by Fuller, Cornwallis was waiting at Yorktown with 7,000 men. Lafayette, who was a French general, and part of the allies, was also at Yorktown with 5,000 men. Fuller states that, at this point, Cornwallis made the mistake of not fight Lafayette and his 5,000 men, which would have been crucial for Cornwallis, as Washington and Rochambeau were on the move towards him at Yorktown, and defeating Lafayette before Washington and Rochambeau could get to him would have been beneficial to Cornwallis (363). The siege itself opened on September 30, 1781, according to Fuller. Puls gives a description of Yorktown itself during this time. Puls states that York town was a small village of about sixty houses, which sat on the south office of the York River, which flowed into the Chesapeake. Therefore, the American and the French armies set up below the town, and Cornwallis was pinned against the river. At this point, Puls states that C ornwallis made another potential mistake, which is that he evacuated fortifications at Pigeon Quarter and three other redoubts, as he thought that he could escape by the sea (161). Urban states that there was a reason why Cornwallis would have given these up, and this was that he matt-up that these redoubts were too exposed to be defended. However, as Urban notes, this decision caused much consternation with the British, and gave hope to the French, who thought that giving these up gave them the best possible good (121). Urban states that the siege was getting underway, in earnest, on the morning of October 1, 1781. At this point, the French had their eye on the small fort on a fall overlooking the York River, and they were also unloading their heavy guns and a landing point on the James River,... The Battle of YorktownBritish ships ended up in flames, and Cornwallis was soon surrounded by trenches built by the French and American allies. This led to his eventual surrender. And, a lthough it was not necessarily known at the time, this battle in effect ended the Revolutionary War. This is because, after Cornwalliss unconditional surrender, there were only two posts that the British had New York and Charleston, South Carolina. It was not long, only six months afterwards that the British had agreed to American independence. Therefore, it is arguable that the Battle of Yorktown is the most essential battle of the American Revolution, because it was the battle that literally decimated and demoralized the British forces. This base will explain this battle, what happened during the battle, and will also explain, briefly, what happened after the battle, as the British agreed to give the Americans independence. Body The siege at Yorktown was the most important battle of the War for American Independence, because it was the last battle, therefore was the decisive battle, and it led to the surrender of Cornwallis and his fleet, who were fortified at the base of the York River. Moten states the siege began with Washington marshalling his forces, which included two of his fleets, but also those of De Grasse, who was his French ally. While there were many battles during the American Revolutionary War, perhaps none were as important as the siege of Yorktown.

Crime Causation and Diversion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Crime Causation and Diversion - Essay ExampleAs they argon young they can be physically and mentally provoked easily than adults. atomic number 20 is a highly crime prone area and men as well as youthfulness indulge in crimes day and night in this state. Here more violence can be seen among children as they imitate the criminal acts performed by adults in real spiritedness or movies. Mostly the youths are under the addiction of drugs and have knowledge as towards their violent action. Most of the children who are having single parent or parents who are psychologically disturbed can provoke the child to do more criminal actions. Organized crime and criminal networks in many California cities including Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Diego and capital of California have a base in Russia. These people can even make children as their prey to perform crime .So in order armed combat this social evil the government has organized insipid intervention, diversion and prevention programs.Ju venile prevention programs rather two intervention programs practiced in California is analyzed in detail further below. These two are California Youth Outreach and Juvenile Intervention & Prevention Program (JIPP).Youth are the ones, who force back easily diverted in to drug, alcohol and crime and they are the ones who require utmost caring and intervention at the right age. Young children get or so drugs, money or other facilities in return to their criminal act. But California Youth Outreach reaches out to young people who are victimized to the youth gangs and their aggressive behavior of violence and weapon usage. This intervention program is extremely careful in imparting education to the youth who are in juvenile restriction. Along with juvenile youths, their families are also educated regarding gang violence, drugs, alcohol and weapon usage.JIPP is an intervention program which is founded by Stephen Koffman who resides in Southern California and has get the hang in social work to his credit. Stephen

Texas Government Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Texas Government - Assignment ExampleLikewise, the partisan elections tedious, and can cause straight ticket voter turnout together with electing judges based on the familiarity of the names. The long ballots can be challenging for the voters because it is difficult for the electorate to follow up on the comprehensive lists of the candidates. Due to the same challenges in the partisan elections, it is significant for the Texas State to adopt a system in which the governor appoints the judges.The death penalty is immoral and expensive, and thus the Texas State should do away with the capital punishment. Newell, Prindle, and Riddlesperger argue that the expense of executing a criminal exceeds $ 2 million, and the punishment achieves nothing in terms of deterring the potential criminals in engaging in crime (340). Exploring the issue of the death penalty from the moral point, it is unethical and immoral to terminate the invigoration of a person. The capital punishment degrades human ity, and inflicting death on persons does not necessarily control crimes. Therefore, it is important for the Texas State to explore other alternatives of punishing the wrongdoers instead of pursuing the death penalty. It is less costly for the Texas State to practice life imprisonment as opposed to the expensive capital punishment. Sentencing the convicted people to the life in prison without the possibility of parole is a plausible alternative. Such a sentence will enable the Texas State to reduce the many funds that tend to maintain the costly death penalty system.The nomination of the city candidates to fight for the office in Texas State is essential in facilitating the electorates to know and analyze the ideologies of the individual candidate. In this respect, the Texas State should endeavor to practice partisan elections in which a political party nominates the candidates to run for the office. Newell,

Country Profile of France Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Country Profile of France - Article ExampleIn 1999, France made the euro its official currency, and this has allowed France to tho integrate itself into the core of the European economy. France is also playing a central role in the development of the European Unions military (cia.gov). The piece of tail of the French Revolution, which is the source of much of the thoughts and writing on democracy, France is now currently a republic, and it has had a mixture of a presidential and parliamentary administration since law was passed in 1958. The current president is Nikolas Sarkozy, and he won the election with 51% of the vote. Sarkozy is serving a five-year term as president of France. In 2000 the French paper was amended in order to change the term of the presidency from seven years to five years (cia.gov) In size, France is slightly smaller in domain than the state of Texas with 260,558 squ are mileage. This figure includes all of its territories overseas and including its claim i n Antarctica. This makes it the largest European nation, just slightly ahead of Spain in total size (cia.gov) France has forever been central to scientific development. For example, France was home to Marie and Pierre Curie who are famous for their theories and work on radioactivity. In more recent scientific efforts, France is among the leaders in various fields, including mathematics, astrophysics, biology, medicine, genetics, and physics. To put this in perspective, it should be mentioned that French scientists have been awarded a total of twenty-six Nobel prizes over the past ninety years (francethisway.com) There are many research institutions throughout France. Some of these include the National Centre for Scientific Research, the National Institute for Health and Medical Research, and the National Institute for agronomic Research. The institutions are public research institutions.

Annotated bibliography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Annotated bibliography - Research Paper ExampleThis implies that TORAP can be used to personate together suitable counteractive steps to avoid or regulate hazards. The authors added that TORAP enables accident simulation and damage potential estimation of petroleum and petrochemical industries (262). Thus, the most classical feature of TORAP that can help reduce the put on the lines of petrochemical companies is its ability to forecast possible accidents. Being able to determine the probability of accidents is a huge leap for risk analysis at petrochemical companies. The authors further promoted TORAP by declaring that it incorporates a larger number of models to handle a larger variety of situations specific to petroleum refineries and petrochemical industries (260). The complexity of the good structure of the petrochemical industry will hence be captured and clearly explained by TORAP, cut the difficulty of developing appropriate safety regulations and risk management strateg ies. The unique(p) contribution of this book to the present study is its thorough discussion of risk analysis through the application of computer-automated tools. The authors of Accident precursor analysis and management reducing technological risk through diligence agree that predicting probable accidents is the best way to prevent or minimize the impacts of accidents in petrochemical companies. On the contrary, the author of inherently Safer Technology The Cure for Chemical Plants Which Are Dangerous by Design argues that predicting probable accidents is just one of the many steps to avoid them, and that the real resolve rests in the adoption of safer technology. Alson, Gregory. How safe is safe enough? leadership, safety, and risk management. London Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2003. The author mainly argues that even though many people think that totally accidents ar preventable, accidents will still happen. The imperfect human attribute and the intricacies of industrial operat ions attest to the fact that attaining zero accidents is not likely. Hence, the author argues that leaders should consider every effort to develop the most beneficial and efficient safety measures. As stated by the author, such unthinkable accidents can indeed happen, appear a siren for safety to reduce loss of resources and enhance social responsibility (19). The value of competent leaders in any organization, especially those which are prone to accidents, is largely manifested in the management of physical resources and human capital. Thus the author suggests, an organization can incorporate system of rules safety into a systems life cycle, bringing with it managements commitment toward safety (20). This solution is sound for it has the capacity to create a permanent safe surround for petrochemical companies. This method can significantly lessen the risks associated with petrochemical operations. The author believes that while many organizations worry about lost workdays due to unnecessary injuries, in some cases an accident can cause indescribable disaster and grief (17). It is very crucial that petrochemical accidents are prevented because of the widespread and severe effects of these accidents on the local population, the

Sports Promotion and Sales Management Assignment

Sports Promotion and Sales Management - Assignment ExampleConversely, one ding on separate sales and attend to departments is that there may be problems with satisfying customers, when sales and service messages are not in congruence. For instance, service staff may deny something that a salesperson may have already given as a promise to a potential customer. Such headaches can suppose loss of business. Some management and business gurus even recommend that the integration of sales and service departments go to the extreme, by positing that the best practice is one where the sales person and the service person are one and the same individual. This guarantees maximum customer satisfaction and optimal sales. On the other hand, there are many another(prenominal) benefits to separate sales and service departments as well. By focusing on one or the other, the two departments are able to satisfy the specific needs of the customer. The specialization between sales and service also gua rantees that the staff are in the best position to field either sales concerns or service concerns. When a customer contacts customer service, the focus is on satisfying customer needs, rather than selling. Vice-versa, during the sales process, the sales department staff have the best skills to goal the sale, and the focus is not on customer service per se. This yields the best results for different organizations.There are also arguments relating to the contrary aims of sales and service staff, where the former is intent on closing the sale, and the service staff is intent on making sure that the customer is satisfied.

Vehicle Car service models for DMS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Vehicle Car service models for DMS - Essay ExampleThis custom case has presented the main business operations performed all through the business. In this use case it is outlined how car servicing business will perform different operations. These operations include the naming taking, servicing and payment. In this overall system working and handling we need to take different determination and assessment for giving appointment and dealing payments. These use case will offer a better insight into different business operations while development.In this diagram the main procedure and ladder of business operations are shown. These diagrams have elaborated the main sequence of operations and procedures that have been performed through the overall business processes regarding the car servicing. This is a decision and action based approach that demonstrates the overall behaviors of the business dealing and operational handling.1- In this BPMN diagrams for the business use cases I have pre sented the same scenario of operations as presented in the use case diagram. Here I have outlined the main decision points and areas where we can take the decision before moving to the succeeding(a) level. In the vehicle servicing process the initial step or decision is taken on the basis that the customer is new or old. If customer is old one then we assign him log no and issues the appropriate appointment. In case of new customer we need to take his complete teaching and feed it into main database and then issue the log and registration number. Then we take the next decision regarding the available working expansion slot. Means time slot for servicing the vehicle. In case of available slot we issue the appointment otherwise we issue next date or time.2- The scenario is about the detailed summary of vehicle servicing and estimation of the cost. When a car is serviced and some new components are added in this scenario a

Dinosaur ridge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dinosaur ridge - Essay ExampleOn the 20th September 2014, I visited the famous Denver Dinosaur ridge for a practical activity that involved fossil examination, gold panning, mineral recognition and dinosaur track printing. The place has experts and representatives from FODR geologists who help in the analyses of the geographical activities. For instance, the experts take students and visitors through and through the faulting, volcanic and earthquake processes that took place in the area.However, the geohazards occur in different ways due to the geological structure of the terrain and the localities of the features. This implies that the influence of the geohazards may vary in separate places depending on the geological composition in that area. The impacts of earth tremors on plain lands cause minimum risks compared to the one on rugged terrains. For instance, earthquakes on arrant(a) lands might cause destructions to properties, especially in congested areas.According to the FODR experts, volcanic ash bends are the common influence of geohazard processes at the Denver Dinosaur Ridge. This is because of the dispose nature of the volcanic bends during eruptions as was evidenced at the Colorado disaster. The experts further indicated that the determination of the geohazard activities is undertaken through checking on the mineral zircon crystals. This model considers the ensure of the rocks and their nature that might contribute to the breaking. It emerged that the volcanic ash bends had taken place over 100 million years ago because of the nature of the rocks and the deem of mineral zircon minerals found.Geohazard activities may have also occurred at the Karst Hazards in the recent years. The formation of the Karst Hazard occurs because of the sinkholes that damage the infrastructure. It is evident that the sinkholes dissolve in the profound limestone, exposing the infrastructure, such as roads or buildings, to risks of collapsing or sinking

Chessington History Essay Example for Free

Chessington History EssayChessington Zoo was opened in July 1931 as a occult venture by Reginald Goddard who invited the public to view his private animal collection. After the War Chessington soon became known for the different types of entertainment it could offer- a circus, a funfair and a miniature railway as well as the zoo. Despite this in the early 1970s the attendance figures of over 800,000 began to decline. The Zoo was in need of further investment. In 1978 the Pearson Group bought Chessington and when they later bought Madame Tussauds, they put entirely their empty interests together to form the Tussauds Group. 1981 saw the beginning of the endning for the transformation of Chessington. half-dozen years and i 12m later the Park was ready. It was opened in July 1987 by H. R. H. Prince Edward. The opening coincided with the opening of the M25 which gives easy access to the Park from various parts of the country. close to 18m people live within a 2 hour drive of the Park. On 19th October 1998 it was announced that Pearson had sold the Tussauds Group to Charterho subroutine Development Capital for i 352m. The Tussauds Group Vision and MissionVision Entertaining People. Mission To deliver real growth in profits to take Europes leading entertainment world-wide. The merchandising Department are a small team who work across both Chessington World of Adventures and Thorpe Park. It is the overall responsibility of the Marketing department to ensure that the bulls eye identities of the two Parks are maintained in all colloquy both on and off the Parks. They do this through first identifying the brand identity, organize market, and visual representation of the brand, i. e. the logo.For Chessington the target market is families with children under 12. Each year the marketing department will put together a marketing plan that covers the following areas Product. Although almost without exception a cleanfound attraction is launched each year, and the main launch communication will focus on that, general communication rough the rest of the Park is required. Theme Parks provide a whole day out for the family and its not just about the rides. The other attractions, places to eat, games, photography, the atmosphere, all play an important part in delivering a great day out.Pricing. There is a complex pricing structure for the Park which looks to maximise the tax revenue the Park can achieve with its targeted number of visitors. Marketing will review the pricing each year and along with the finance department look at how the budgeted targets can be achieved through the pricing matrix. Advanced sales are important to the business and for this reason tickets booked in advance are discounted, similarly those booked via the Internet are further discounted as this is a more efficient way for us to produce the tickets.Advanced tickets reduce the queues at admissions as visitors already have their tickets and can go straight in to the Par k. Promotion. Promotion of the Park happens via a number of different communication channels. Advertising. This is generally broken checkmate into two areas, the creative production of the advert and then the choice of where to place that advert, TV, Radio, Press etc. For the year 2002 communication for Chessington will focus on the new attraction, Hocus Pocus Hall. The main creative idea is all based around The New Adventure Starts Here.This new creative idea will be adapted for use on TV, Radio, Press and in Childrens comics, ie The Beano. Promotions. Promotions are very import in incentivising visitors to come to the Park. The incentive is generally either a Buy atomic number 53 get One Free mechanic or a discount off the full adult or child price. Chessington ran promotions on its own or in conjunction with the Tussauds Group, ie Tesco. Promotions can be run with a wide variety of partners, Esso, News of the World, KP Skips or solus via a direct mail unravel to surrounding ho mes. Public Relations.This area is all about getting positive exposure in the media, TV, Radio and Press. This is generally achieved through issuing Press Releases and conducting interviews with journalists. amount the Success. Throughout the year, how the Park is doing against its financial targets is constantly reviewed, but in addition Marketing conducts ongoing research into how the Park is performing on a unremarkable basis. Questionnaires are handed out to visitors as they leave asking them to rank the rides experiences, eating places, how friendly and helpful the staff were, etc.This provides information on where things may be going wrong and how to put them right. New Media is a crucial area for involvement now and in the future. In addition to maintaining its own situation www. chessington. com, the Marketing department looks to exploit other opportunities for advertising, promotions and PR on other sites. Use of agencies. Chessington uses a wide variety of agencies as they bring different areas of expertness and experiences to the department. We use an advertising agency to create the TV, Radio adverts etc. and also for all the design work for the Gate Map.The space for the TV, Radio slots etcis purchased by a Media Buying agency. We also use a Sales Promotion agency, PR agency and Internet design agencies. Corporate Hospitality makes it possible for businesses to entertain their guests at Chessington World of Adventures. Up to 3 000 corporate guests can be catered for at any one time. Education. An establishment like Chessington World of Adventures offers the opportunity for students studying the leisure industry, business or animals to visit the Park and find out more about their subject. For this reason, it is possible for groups to incorporate an educational talk into their visit.The Zoo enables guests to learn about the wildlife at Chessington World of Adventures. The Marketing Department ensure that the signage for the animals and around th e Park are of a high quality and accessible by all the guests. most(prenominal) often asked marketing questions Q Is the price of a new attraction affected by the viability of the ride? A Careful research is undertaken before a new attraction is bought. The attraction may be put in place to address a gap in guest numbers for a limited age range. The new attraction will encourage that element to visit the Park and therefore increase guest satisfaction.

Health and Safety in the Workplace Essay Example for Free

wellness and condom in the Workplace EssayHealth and Safety play a very important lineament in the work to twenty-four hour period. Many organizations take the responsibility of their employees precaution and wellness seriously payable to the various affects that could stem from a lack of providing a safe work environment. During the 20th century our nation has become a world leader in setting an example for the world involving the actors right to a safe and water-loving environment. Because of the various laws and research conducted in the United States, there establish been countless add of accidents that have been prevented and thousands of lives saved because of aw atomic number 18ness. I, being a Safety Coordinator and a workplace accident survivor, know firsthand the importance of galosh in the workplace and the disallow outcome for employees and organizations that do non practice a safe work environment. I would like to take this time to give a little instruc tion on my personal experience on workplace accidents and the importance of rubber in that environment.In 2007 I was employed as a bridge carpenter working for a large construction company in Biloxi, MS. As a bridge carpenter is was exposed to numerous dangerous and high happen situations that put my life at risk on an everyday basis. I felt this company actually cargond about the safeguard of their employees. We were provided with every piece of safety equipment that was needed to perform our job as safely as possible. The equipment was fairly new and OSHA approved. If it was found to be inadequate, it was immediately removed out of service and any fixed or replaced. Not to mention every morning we conducted toolbox safety meeting and equipment inspections. This particular day of my near fatal accident, we were setting rebar cages for columns peradventure 30 to 40 feet in height. It was my responsibility to climb the cage, after it was set on the footer with a crane, to unhoo k the rigging from the crane. I had all the victorian PPE (personal defendive equipment) on and the cage had been secured at the bottom by come along rigging devices.As I climbed the cage and Unhooked the rigging from the crane, the cage began to govern from side to side. Before I could start my descent, the cage and myself still attached to it with three distinguishable positioning, fell in the water, which by the way was the Gulf of Mexico. As my feet touched the bottom I began to panic and fight to free myself by unhooking myself from the cage. Several of my co workers jumped in the water to rescue me, but they were unable to conciliate my body. But they were able to locate the cage I was attached to. Thanks to quick thinking they were able to hook the crane cables back to the cage and move up the cage and I out of the water successfully. But by this time I was not breathing and had no pulse. They lowered me on a cluster boat and began to perform CPR.The CPR was unsuccessf ul so they began to take me to the dock where the ambulance was awaiting my arrival. During the time of the boat ride, I suddenly began to cough up water and soft came to my senses. I was taken to the hospital and was blessed that I did not sustain any major injuries. During the accident investigation it was found that the cage we were setting was not the correct one for that particular footing and one of the come along holding it in place was functioning properly to catch the cage as it began to fall. This is when I actually began to take workplace safety seriously and start my c areer in that field. During the flight of this paper it is my intent to present cay components of workplace safety and wellness and provide new insight and personal experience that has and leave affect my career and personal life and lives of those around me.The Role of Safety and Health in the WorkplaceWorkplace safety is the practice of an employer using preventative measures to prevent hazards to th e employees health and personal safety. This practice includes cr eat plans and procedures for employees and managers in the workplace. In addition, workplace safety involves creating policies and keeping emergency materials available for employee and manager use while at a work site. Workplace safety has caused strikes, contract negotiations and concerns among the assorted lug unions. These groups have negotiated union contracts and initiated lawsuits on behalf of workers who have an unsafe workplace. The Union Auto Workers created Workers Memorial Day as a day to honor workers who are killed on the job in the United States.David Micheals, the new head of OSHA, made this profound statement these catastrophic events are powerful reminders of the risks faced by workers across the area every day. Fourteen workers die on the job each day, far from the headlines, often noted only by their families, friends, and co-workers. (Markowitz Rosner, 2011, p.26) Manufacturing jobs are heavil y mentioned on this day due to the dangers of operating machinery or equipment. Workplace safety in many businesses requires additional reading for the employees and management. This can include a lecture by an expert, hand-on training or a tour of the grounds and materials.For example, an employee whose job requires the use of a machine is not only trained to use the machine, but he is typically trained on how to operate machinery to avoid distress, dismemberment or death. The employee can also be trained on what to do if a co-worker injures herself on the job. As I stated in the introduction of this paper, I know firsthand the importance of safety and health in the workplace. By understanding the role of workplace safety and its history, employers and employees are able to apply these safety concepts to their everyday work related routines.I have learned that workplace safety and health reach far beyond the OSHA Act of 1970. Safety involves adopting a way of thinking and a way o f functioning in all environments. Organizations much(prenominal) as unions have fought for workers right to a safety and healthy work environment. The campaigns they have fought so diligently to captivate have proven to be effective in fighting diseases like tuberculosis, typhoid, and smallpox that not only for the workplace but also for the general public. (Markowitz Rosner, 2011, p.27)occupational Safety and Health AdministrationIn 1970 coitus passed into law The Occupational Safety and Health Act which formed the Occupational Safety and Health Administration or (OSHA). This act declared that every worker is entitled to safe and healthful working conditions, and that employers are responsible for work being free from all recognized hazards.(Silverstein, 2008, p.416) Even forty years later, many mass still do not believe that OSHA is up holding the standard in workplace safety and health for which it was designed to do. Today a worker still becomes injure or sick from a dange rous job every 2.5 seconds plus a worker dies from a workplace injury or illness every 8 minutes. The National Institute for Occupational Safety, also known as NIOSH, has authority for workplace safety and health matters at federal workplace locations. In the federal workplace environment, NIOSH has an enforcement authority that corresponds to the authority OSHA exercises over workplaces operated by private sector employers.In some instances, state-run programs supersede OSHA authority, and the Occupational and Safety and Health Act of 1970 encourages the development and operation by man-to-man states of workplace safety and health programs. However, to qualify for this exemption to OSHA authority, a state-run program must(prenominal) establish standards and enforcement criteria that match or exceed the effectiveness of the federal OSHA program. As of April 2010, 26 states and U.S. territories have such programs in place with 23 of those 26 screen state and local government workp laces as well as workplaces operated by private sector employers.The Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 established mandatary health and safety standards and directed the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare and the Secretary of Labor to create improved health and safety standards to protect the health and welfare of combust miners in the U.S. The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) established a national minimum wage, guaranteed time-and-a-half for overtime in certain lineaments of jobs, and prohibited employers from hiring minors. Today the FLSA helps to enforce and protect the rights and wages of non-exempt employees. I do not have much experience working directly with OSHA but as an OSHA outreach trainer, I have become change to understand the importance and impact they can and do have in a workplace environment.Working as a safety coordinator for several different contractors has given me an insight as to how some organizations adhere to OSHA regulations and how other org anizations do not. With this insight and from knowledge gained from this course, I see that we still need stay rivet on continuous safety awareness and to ensure OSHA enforces the laws and regulations for violators. By understanding the history and the need for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration in our society, I have a greater enthusiasm to perform my job functions as a safety coordinator at a higher level and expect the people around me to adhere to the same level of faithfulness.Safety Issues In The WorkplaceSafety issues are an important topic in todays workplace, especially with the rise in accidents in places of work and business. Accidents may often be small, but they can also lead to life-altering results such as mutilation and even death. The most common type of safety issue in workplaces relates to tripping and falling, however, there are many other causes to be considered. An organization with a superior policy for dealing with safety issues should be con sidering topics such as ergonomics and the arrangement of the space so that the tasks best fit the people who complete them. In this discussion the focus will be on three in particular which are repetitious stress injuries, workplace stress, and substance abuse. In todays society, there are many jobs that require sitting at a work station all day. Employees that perform these types of jobs run a higher risk of being injured by chronic and repetitive motion task, like typing on a keyboard, eyestrains, lifting or movement injuries, poor ergonomics or workstation accidents. (Lowe, 2012, p.104)Majority of musculoskeletal injuries and pain affecting office workers are a result of sitting for long periods in the same position performing the same or repetitive motions. I have learned that the key to prevention and treatment of these problems is reducing muscle and tendon overuse. A great method to reduce these injuries from happening would be massage therapy. Massage therapy allows the te ndons to release pressure that has built up throughout the day or work hours. Another treatment method would be employees do daily stretches at their workstation. When I began working as a carpenter, every morning we would start the day out by doing a series of stretches to unbrace our muscle the same way an individual would if they were preparing to exercise. Work related stress is another major safety issue that affects the workplace.Workplace stressors like interpersonal troth and work overload can have a profound effect on the health of an organizations employees. Findings indicate that work overload and interpersonal involvement mediate the impact of role stress on emotional exhaustion, job attitudes, and behaviors. (Boles, Jaramillo, Mulki, 2011, p.329) Interpersonal conflict happens due to the negative social interactions between co-workers in the workplace. Also interpersonal conflict is one of the most important stressors at work due to the effect it has on employees emo tions and their ability to work as a team. Work overload is the employees perception that the job is placing excessive work demands on them. In todays workforce employees are pressured to deliver greater getup while using fewer resources. Overloaded individuals often experience feelings of impatience and being rushed, which in turn affects the quality of their interactions with co-workers.Because of rising unemployment rates, layoff survivors are more probable to experience larger workloads because they now perform both their former workload and that of those who left. (Boles, Jaramillo, Mulki, 2011, p.329) From my experience interpersonal conflict and work overload can have a big impact on the health of all employees with no regard to title, pay grade, or seniority. These stressors can cause emotional, mental, and physical health issues for all they affect. through with(predicate) newly found knowledge, I have gained a greater understanding of the effects that workplace stress c an have on an organizations employees and how they interact with one another. Organizations can counteract these stressors by providing additional support to individuals who are being affected by these workplace stressors and conducting workload/interpersonal conflict evaluations bi annually. Handling problems of substance use and abuse at work are some of the most challenging issues confronting employers. (Dwoskin, 2012, p. 32)The law requires employers to provide a safe, healthy and productive work environment to employees, but it also requires employers accommodate the needs of substance abusing employees. This could cause a conflict, because the substance abusing employees may be causing the health and safety issues in the workplace. Employers have the right to insist on a drug and alcohol free workplace and to take disciplinary action against individuals who thwart the zero tolerance rules. Under the law employers may hold alcoholics and recovering addicts to the same performa nce standards as other employees. (Dwoskin, 2012, p.32) This means that employees that abuse drugs and alcohol may be discharged or held to disciplinary action based on tardiness, absenteeism, and poor job performance. But on the other hand, the ADA says they cannot be discriminated against if they are found to be disabled.The ADA defines discrimination as not making reasonable accommodations to the known physical or mental limitations of an otherwise qualified individual with a disability (Dwoskin, 2012, p.34) During the course of my research of this particular issue, I learned effect that substance abuse in the workplace can have on the safety of that individual and the people around them. I also learned that in certain situations that a person abusing drugs and alcohol can be protect by the ADA if they are found to be disabled and the employer must accommodate their disability in the workplace. I have known several instances where employees have failed random drug screens and ha ve been able to keep their jobs. But in those instances the employer required the employee to seek professional help in dealing with their addiction.Safety ProgramsA safety program can best be described as a dynamic set of intervention activities implemented at a worksite where the conduct is to prevent incidents and accidents at the workplace (Bjerkan, Olsen, Naevestad, 2009, p.391) These safety programs are usually comprised of activities such as safety training, equipment and housekeeping inspections, safety meetings, and safe behavior observations. There are five key components to a properly structured safety incentive program. The first component involves using an entire campaign to promote your program by building teamwork thru interaction with the employees. The next component is establishing an award vehicle that should be handed out weekly. The third component states to award employees with merchandise rather than money. normally when employees receive money as a reward th ey tend to forget the reward and wee the money went to. But when an employee is rewarded with merchandise, they can recall how they received it and this encourages them to win again.The fourth component says to promote the program using items such as posters, caps, balloons, newsletters, flyers, parties, and company drawings. The last component states to make everyone a winner. It might seem to personify more, but it will pay off in the long run by promoting the idea that everyone that practices safety in the workplace is a winner. Wellness is a lifestyle that encourages good physical and mental health. It is a balanced lifestyle that includes an emphasis on the body, mind and spirit. Wellness Programs were created to encourage all faculty, staff, and retirees to live better lifestyles and create a culture of health throughout the organization. Workplace wellness includes organizational policies designed to facilitate employee health including allowing flex time for exercise, prov iding on-site kitchen and eating areas, offering healthy food options in vending machines, holding walk and talk meetings, and offering financial and other incentives for participation, among many other options.In the course of researching safety programs, I have learned new techniques that will enhance my knowledge in designing safety programs in the future. Working of several different companies has allowed me to be exposed to different types of safety incentive programs. I have seen what does work and also what does not work. During the course of this paper it was my intention to present key components of workplace safety and health and provide new insight and personal experience that has and will affect my career and personal life and lives of those around me.By exploring the role of safety and health in the workplace I have gained greater understanding of its history. I can now assist employers and employees to apply these safety concepts to their everyday work related routines . In researching OSHA, I discovered a greater knowledge of the importance of the OSHA Act of 1970 and the administrative offices that have developed from the Act. Offices such as OSHA and NIOSH were established to up hold the laws and standards set by the OSHA Act in the workplace. My knowledge has grown during the development of this paper which has allowed me to view different aspects of safety and health that I previously did not have knowledge of.ReferencesDwoskin, L.L. (2012). Substance Abuse in the Workplace ADA and FMLA Issues to Consider,Part II. Employee Benefit Plan Review, 66(8), 32-38Jaramillo, F., Mulki, J., Boles, J. S. (2011). study STRESSORS, JOB ATTITUDE,AND JOB BEHAVIORS IS INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT THE MISSING LINK?journal of Personal Selling Sales Management, 31(3), 339-356 Lowe, W. (2012). Keying Into Office Worker Injuries. Massage Bodywork, 27(4), 104-107 Markowitz, G., Rosner, D. (20110. FROM THE TRIANGLE can TO THE BPEXPLOSION A Short History of the Centu ry-Long Movement for Safety and Health.New Labor Forum (Murphy Institute), 20(1), 26-32. Doi10.4179/NLF.201.0000005 Moran, R.E. (2012). WORKPLACE SAFETY AND HEALTH Better OSHA Guidance askOn Safety Incentive Programs. GAO Reports, 1-46Olsen, E., Bjerkan, A., Naevestad, T. (2009). Modeling the effects of a large-scale safetyCulture programme a combined qualitative and quantitative approach. Journal OfRisk research, 12Silverstein, M. (2008). Getting Home Safe and Sound Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration at 38 American Journal Of state-supported Health, 98(3), 416-423 Stanley, J. (2012). Oshas Warning on Safety Incentive Programs Are Wide of the Mark.EHS Today Vol. 5 Issue 10, p. 63-64

Economic of Beekeeping Essay Example for Free

Economic of Beekeeping EssayAs we know stand up common cockscomb forms the environment in which the honeybee colony exists. The cells in the comb are used to rear brood, workers, drones and queens and also to store honey and pollen. The configuration of the wax combs provides insulation and channels the ventilation at heart the hive. To produce this located asset the honeybees must convert some of their liquid assets. The weight of wax within a BS deep brood frame is approximately 150g and so in the eleven frames making up a full national brood box there are 1650g of wax. The rate of exchange of honey to wax is 6. 251 1. In other words 6. 25 kg of honey is required to produce 1kg of wax. Therefore it can be seen that the wax within a brood box is equivalent to 10. 3 kg of honey. Feral honeybees, where possible, use new wax comb to rear brood and then use the wax comb to store pollen and honey. The practice of framed comb apiculture has led to brood comb existence repeated ly used to rear brood, cells being recycled six or seven times a year and then used similarly over many years.This is in contrast to the traditional beekeeping in skeps and the Warre hive beekeeping which have, as a fundamental feature, the annual regeneration of new comb for brood rearing. Evolution ensures that natural systems are zipper efficient, so we might ask why bees in a natural environment do not so readily reuse brood comb. inhabit combs can become reservoirs for pathogens and it appears that honeybees have evolved with behaviour patterns that recognise that the cost of new comb is less than the cost of disease. This could explain why EFB and AFB only became apparent as problems with the introduction of framed comb beekeeping.

Medical Tourism In India: A Proposal

aesculapian Tourism In India A ProposalMedical touristry- the concept of traveling far and wide for better checkup exam treatment is not a novel idea, only the term. The globalization of the wellness sh be argonna and the massive demand for low cost-high quality treatment in recent times has caught the attention of m all developing countries that remove the adequate resources and potential to affect these demands. The profitability and the lucrative reputation of the health check exam touristry business has this instant put this trade, high on the ag eradicatea of both the Indian regimen and the personal wellness misgiving providers.Today, medical examination touristry has become a commonplace practice with a large number of people roughly the world since universal constraints like language, finance, difficulties in global travel and fear of the unknown are no longer acting as barriers to the tourists who look medical treatment in foreign countries. Countries li ke India, Singapore, Malaysia etc have developed strategies specifically with the aim of tackling such events and rendering themselves as the ideal medical touristry destinations.Although India is emerging as the hot-spot medical tourism destinations within the Asia-Pacific and opposite regions of the world, it seems to be facing tough competition from other(a) big players of this industriousness who have projected an equally legal written report for themselves and are reaping the benefits of this business. in that locationfore, it is imperative for India to continuously rethink and reform its marketing strategies to gain competitive benefit and increase its market region in the health care sector.It is an undisputed fact that medical tourism is a rapidly growing manufacturing and creating inroads into the Indian economy. There are a large number of embark holders in this fabrication in South East Asia including countries like Singapore and Malaysia. There are diverse m arketing strategies being apply for propagating this diligence. My endeavor would be to seek the gaps that exist and suggest remedial action.Being from the medical fraternity and having had the opportunity to treat a number of overseas patients, the concept of medical tourism has generated a great deal of interest in me. I believe that there are many deficiencies in the marketing strategies for health tourism in India that need to be looked into and improvised. The aim of my look would be to propose marketing strategies that would boost the Indian Medical Tourism for the future.3. Preliminary review of literatureThere are three sections of the literature review-i) Historical aspects- inception and evolutionii) Medical tourism in India- the present scenarioiii) Probable concerns and pitfalls of the Indian medical tourism application.i) Historical aspects- inception and evolutionThe concept of constructing health complexes around hot springs goes back to as old as the Sumerian ci vilization (circa 4000BC) where health care facilities comprised of grand elevated buildings with flowing pools. The hill tribes of Switzerland of the area presently know as St. Moritz, during the Bronze Age (circa 2000 BC) recognized the benefits of bathing and drinking in iron-rich mineral springs. The discovery of bronze drinking cups used by them in thermal springs in Germany and France possibly signifies health pilgrimages within these cultures.As per written historical accounts, bathing and healing complexes were erected around therapeutic springs in Mesopotamia, India, Greece and China. The concept of medical tourism emanated as trips to sacred baths and hot springs. and, it is the Greeks who have to be given the credit for put the foundations for medical tourism net whole works.Greek medical tourism.Asclepius was considered to be the god of medicine according to Greek mythology. In his honor, Asclepian healing temples had been constructed byout Greece by the 4th carbon BC. These temples were established near the mineral springs which were considered to be the prime healthful Locations. The corpse of medical tourism during this period was as follows-Patients and their attendants came to Asclepia temples quest treatment for various ailments. At Epidaurus, the port temple, treatment included gymnasia, palaestra (exercise area), bathing springs and a dream temple. There was a retinue of priests, caretakers and stretcher carriers who attended to the patients before they were granted final exam appointment with the mighty priest. Patients made sacrificial offerings according to their status- the poor left shoes Alexander the Great left his breastplate.Roman Medical Tourism.The hallmark of antiquated Roman medical tourism centered around hot water baths called Thermae. These centers of medical treatment were posh establishments. Some of these centers comprised of art galleries conference halls, theatres and sometimes swordplay stadia. Because of the active trade with Asia, the Roman baths augmented medical tourism activities like Chinese medicine, Ayurvedic massage and various aspects of Buddhist spiritual healing at some Roman Thermae.Japanese Medical Tourism-Onsen.ONSEN means hot mineral springs in Japanese. Medical tourism in Japan centered around these hot mineral springs which were enriched by surrounding volcanic soil. It attracted a variety of people including hunters, fishermen, farmers and warriors. It was believed that these mineral springs were effective in alleviating pain, healing wounds and recuperation. A thousand eld later, this form of medical tourism in Japan is still an ongoing phenomenon.Indian Medical Tourism.India has been the home ground of alternative system of medicine for the past 5000 years. Aspects of medical tourism include yoga, eastern cultural, spiritual and medicative compilation with meditation thrown in. India has been a Mecca for alternative medicine practitioners. A modern boost was give n to health tourism in the 1960s with the New Age movement in the US. This New Age movement seeks Universal Truth and the attainment of the highest soulfulness pitying potential and is characterized by an individual approach to spiritual practices and philosophies and the rejection of religious doctrine and dogma. With this movement, India had once again become the more or less sought after destination for thousands of westward pilgrims. Indias deep commitment to health care infrastructure and technology furthered the mass influx of medical tourists. India is now one of the worlds oldest medical tourism destinations and has gained popularity over the years over other destinations.European Medical Tourism.European medical tourism came into existence with the rediscovery of the Roman baths in the 16th century. With the rediscovery of the Roman baths, Baden Baden , Aachen and most notably Bath, became resort towns. By the 1720s the spa towns came to be frequented by Aristocrats a nd gentlemen of void from other parts of Europe and even royal patronage. Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, French royal inventor of the essay was the most noteworthy medical tourist of this time. He traversed the continent for 9 years for the cure of his gall bladder problem. He is widely believed to be the father of luxury travel and has helped to write one of the earliest documented spa guides for European tourists.Health Tourism-New world.English and Dutch colonists in the 1600s, constructed log cabins near mineral springs in the newly discovered Americas. By 19th century the American reformists made it a habit to travel to remote Western springs that were rich in medicinal properties.Today, there are no physical, frugalal and cultural barriers that separate nations from one another. Coupled with the flattening global economy, ease of international travel and lenient trade policies has candid the vistas of medical tourism destinations around the globe. This has made affordable he alth care availability to patients who find it difficult or impossible to access such health care facilities in their own countries. Inflated health care costs are driving the patients to medical tourism destinations like Thailand and India for sophisticated procedures at a fraction of the legal injury. Long waiting periods for medical treatment is another factor that is making patients seek treatment abroad. Also, lack of comprehensive medical insurance has attracted thousands of patients to seek treatment abroad.Medical tourism today has become a global phenomenon with many countries expanding their offerings, including unique tourism opportunities for example South Africa is promoting medical safari in a big way.ii.) MEDICAL TOURISM IN INDIA-the present scenarioMedical Tourism India or Health Tourism India is a developing concept that has gained awe-inspiring popularity and is attracting people from all over the world for their medical and relaxation ineluctably. The treatment s most commonly include knee transplant, cosmetic treatment, dental treatment and cardiac surgery. India is now a favorable medical tourism destination as its infrastructure and technology are at par with USA, UK and Europe, enabling it to provide treatment centers and hospitals that are ruff in the world with world class facilities. These factors coupled with visits to some of the most alluring and awe-inspiring places of the world have brought about the merging of tourism with medication giving rise to the concept of Medical Tourism.India is promoting health tourism through depicting the high-tech healing of its private healthcare sector. The Indian government is marketing the concept of traveling to India for cheaper and world-class medical facilities to foreigners, with the intention of encouraging the growing Indian medical tourism industry. The policy of the Indian government to blend in medical expertise and tourism was announced during the 2003-04 budgets when the finance minister Jaswant Singh propounded India to become a Global Health Destination. fit in to a engage conducted by alliance of Indian Industry (CII), the field is so lucrative that it has the potential to become a $2.3 billion business by 2012. Around 150,000 foreigners visited India for treatment during 2004 and since then, this number has change magnitude by 15% every year.In recent times, India has emerged as the Global Health Destination due to the following advantages1. Medical services are provided at almost 30% lower cost than the Western countries and are the cheapest in South-east Asia.2. India has a large population of doctors and paramedical staff who have good knowledge of spoken English. Therefore language is a major(ip) comfort factor that attracts so many foreign tourists to visit for the purpose of medical and health tourism making it easier for overseas patients to relate well to Indian doctors.3. Indian doctors expertise in various surgical procedures including car diac surgeries, liver transplants, orthopedic surgeries and other medical treatments.4. Indian hospitals offer a wide array of high quality treatment procedures comprising of joint replacements, cardiothoracic surgery, dental care, cosmetic treatments and more.iii) Probable concerns and pitfalls of Indian medical tourism industryReview of literature suggests the following concerns that need attention if one has to augment and boost the medical tourism sector.Concerns of the consumersSome of the consumers feel that India is unhygienic, contaminate and bureaucratic. There is no appropriate accreditation system for the hospitals. Concerns about medical insurance which is underdeveloped, inadequate and has few global players. overseas companies refuse reimbursements. There are to a fault concerns about terrorism, communal unrest and bad connectivity between cities and towns. While some of these concerns are genuine, most of them are mere apprehensions.Concerns of the promotersFrom the promoters point of view, the concerns that have emerged revolve around lack of regulations concerning ethics and systemic die hard, lack of infrastructure deficiencies like electricity, power supply and water, inadequate land reforms, taxation anomalies, funding constraints, implementation lacunae and bureaucratic bottlenecks.4. search QUESTIONS AND OBJECTIVES.India seems to be an emerging medical tourism destination offering great opportunities in terms of creating new jobs and generating sources of revenue for the Indian economy. It is therefore imperative that the momentum gained so far should not be jeopardized and measures should be adopted to improve the present situation by developing and implementing new strategies.Research questions1. What is the present tell of Indian medical tourism? indicating assessment of the present situation.2. What are the d newbacks or felt impediments of the medical tourism trade sector? indicating an analytical structuring of the data.3 . What are the ship canal to improve medical tourism in India through better marketing strategies? an assessment of the lacunae in the existing marketing strategies.4. Is the government doing enough to support the medical tourism industry? an assessment of the governmental leaning towards the industry.Research objectives1. To develop pragmatic marketing strategies for health care institutions involved in medical tourism in India.2. To assess the impact of the government action on the present marketing strategies for foreign patients.3. To make a marketing plan place for the Health tourism industry in India5. RESEARCH PLANResearch perspectiveMy research approach is based upon the words of the renowned anthropologist Clifford Geertz man is an animal hang in webs of significance he himself has spun. I take culture to be these webs, and the analysis of it is not to be an experimental science in search of honor but an interpretive one inn search of meaning (Jewell,S.2010). It theref ore forms an interpretivist approach. Since the medical tourism industry is a business and trouble perspective, any research into this field would fall into the gamut of positivist and interpretivist approaches. My research is all-important(a)ly a qualitative one since my data collection is mainly secondary in character. Furthermore, my research is system forming where in I shall be use the inductive approach to examine the data. My research in like manner involves the assessment of factors of concern that are cogitate to the health tourism industry of India. It would be my effort to sift out the relevant factors and analyze them from the point of view of developing marketing strategies.Research designThe approach that best answers my research questions fits into the modified cross sectional design. Here, the research design revolves around the collection of data that is occurring naturally over a designated period. My research design also involves mainly quantitative data and some qualitative data too. My research is based upon observation and document analysis. The cross sectional design also gives schooling on aspects of who, what, how many, where, and the how and why.Data collection methodsI shall be collecting my data through analysis of secondary data. I also intend to submit questionnaires to the stakeholders and the major players of the medical tourism in India with the aim of seeking relevant data that would help me in answering my research questions and fulfill my research objectives.Secondary data the secondary data would be collect through the followingWritten materials- various websites, websites of homepages of key players, magazines and journals, books and publications. I would also be looking for government publications, laws and acts related to this subject.Non-written materials- media, television etc.Most of the data from outside the individual organization will yield information about the medical tourism industry. While, data that is collected from the organizational websites would give information on how things are done within the organization and their modus operandi.ii. Questionnaires I will be sending the questionnaires to all the major players in the Indian medical tourism industry. The questionnaires will be used to obtain data for quantitative analysis in order to assess the functioning of various medical tourism facilities in India. The idea of using questionnaires is that a large quantity of data can be made available covering a wide range of database for quantitative analysis. A good amount of objectivity can be incorporated and the results would be of sensible and true nature.Analysis of dataHaving collected all the qualitative and quantitative data, I would subject it to appropriate analysis and apply relevant statistical tests of significance to find that the results are valid, reliable and give a reasonable level of generalisabilty. I aim to deduce the relevant marketing strategies being used a nd to assess their impact on the industry. I shall be presenting the analyzed data in the form pie diagrams, bar charts and other forms of statistical presentations.LIMITATIONSValidity and reliablenessSince my data is mainly secondary in nature it is presumed that global players in the me dical tourism industry would not putting false data to propagate their business ventures. From this point of view my data would be valid as well as reliable. As my data is being collected from internet, websites of various stake holders, magazines etc. I am confident that stake holders at this level of global competitiveness would not be putting up false data or information for promotional activities that could jeopardize their reputation. However, the limitations of validity and reliability I foresee to come across would be from the questionnaires I would be sending to the stake holders. The disadvantage I feel I would face using the questionnaires is that some people may not respond, may take a l ong time for returning back and the response rate cannot be predicted. However despite these limitations, I expect to be able to generate valid information and data for quantitative analysis. I shall be sending these questionnaires to the concerned stakeholders through their homepages and their websites and try and elicit as much response as possible from them.GeneralisabiltyMy research design is based upon the study of an industry and does not impinge upon a case study research. All factors being studied can be considered as offshoots of a single industry. For e.g. the legislation aspects would be covering the entire industry and not a single institution or a hospital. Secondly, my aim is to give broad based generalized guide lines on the recommendations for improving medical tourism in India. My attempt therefore would be to collect and analyze data from where generalisabilty can be achieved.ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONSI will abide by the Coventry University BES ethical guidelines. I wi ll conduct my research honestly and present all the data accurately. I will get the low luck approval form signed by my supervisor to get his approval before I begin my research.I shall take all precaution to ensure and respect the rights and integrity of subjects if any.I shall treat all the data confidentially and would ensure that it would not be used for any other purpose other than that intended.Since my data collection is mainly secondary in nature, my research work is considered to be a low risk from the ethical point of view. I shall detention all the raw information on ethics and the data collected for audit purposes.PLAGIARISMI will paraphrase reference and cite the sources used by me, to acknowledge the work of others and avoid any sort of plagiarism.Michael doorkeeper Impact of strategical circumspection TheoryMichael Porter Impact of Strategic Management TheoryThe field of strategic management is complex and multi-faceted. Strategic management has been defined in ma ny different ways. The basic tenet of the Positioning schooldays is that strategies are generic positions in a competitive marketplace and are based on analysis by a consulting true. Michael Porter, indisputably one of the most important thinkers on management and competitiveness in the world laid the groundwork for strategic positioning in 1980 with his book agonistical Strategy in which he presented his flipper Forces model. His 1985, work, militant Advantage, described his activity-based view and introduced his Value Chain model. Since the publication of these important works, their popularity has continued due to their general applicability and ease of use.Keywords Michael Porter, strategic management, Five Forces Model, Value Chain Model, Porter, Positioning schoolhouse.The Influence of Michael PorterThe field of strategic management is complex and multi-faceted. Numerous definitions have been proposed in an attempt to prescribe the essential elements of management strat egy and to discover a methodology to satisfy once and for all the needs of managers seeking to maximize their organizations potential in the dog-eat-dog business world.Strategic management has been defined in many different ways based on the organizations mission, policies, sector, structure, objectives, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats, key success factors or decisions, capabilities, planning, implementation, and sustainable competitive advantage (Sadler, 2003). Generally, strategic management is the means by which organizational managers seek to bolster the success of their businesses via a series of competitive maneuvers. Such maneuvers may be taken with meet to the foreign environment in which the firm is currently operating or in relation to the organizations internal capabilities (or inabilities) (Sadler, 2003). Mintzberg, Ahlstrand and Lampel (as cited in Sadler, 2003, p. 15) developed a method of organizing these legion(predicate) schools of thought into thre e major groups labeled the Prescriptive, Descriptive, and configurational Schools.The Descriptive group consists of those schools which seek to describe strategic management in terms of how it is formed in practice. The Configurational group encompasses one single school of thought which has two facets, the first seeking to describe the organizations state and context, and the second endeavoring to depict the strategy-making process. The Prescriptive class is composed of those schools which venture to define strategic management in terms of how it should be formulated, as opposed to how it is formed in practice (see Descriptive Schools above). at heart the Prescriptive group reside the design, planning, and positioning schools.The design school seeks to define strategic management as a abstract process, and the most recent presentment of this approach is the SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) Analysis, developed by Ken Andrews in the early 70s. SWOT analysi s aims to analyze the firm in terms of internal factors strengths and weaknesses, and external environmental factors opportunities and threats, in order to gain a competitive advantage. The planning school, on the other hand, taperes primarily on the future and has as its principal finish the formulation of decisions and actions that will guide the organizations actions and define its purpose. Michael Porters seminal and best-known work, Competitive Strategy, laid the foundation of the positioning school. The basic tenet of this school is that strategies are generic positions in a competitive marketplace and are based on analysis by a consulting firm.A renowned business management theoriser and commonly recognized as the father of modern management theory, Porter is a respected professor holding the prestigious Bishop William Lawrence University Professorship at Harvard business School. He is a prolific author since 1976, he has written some 18 books and more than 125 articles on competition and strategy. Porter has advised management in numerous U.S. and international companies and governments worldwide and has won many honors and awards for his work in economics and strategic management theory. Michael Porter is indisputably one of the most influential thinkers on management and competitiveness in the world.Michael Porters TheoriesPorter is best known for the prescient theories illuminated in his 1980 work Competitive Strategy Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. The hallmark of Porters works, Competitive Strategy presented Porters five forces model, five elements that affect an industrys profitability, and his generic strategies which are intended to counter those forces. In his follow-up piece, The Competitive Advantage Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, published in 1985, Porter developed his Value Chain Model, a framework for activity-based competitive analysis of a firm.Porters Five Forces ModelPorters five forces are c lassified as industry-level (vice organizational-level) determinants of long-term profitability in an industry. These economic and technical characteristics are said to be foundational, key factors to industry success and affect such critical industry elements as prices, the degree of investment necessary for competitiveness, market share, potential profits, and profit margins, and industry volume (Childress Kirkwood, 2006). The five forces are industry competitions, pressure from substitute products, negociate power of suppliers, talk terms power of buyers, and potential entrants. These five forces acting in unison comprise the competitive environment in which the firm essential operate.The nature of competition within the industry is affected by factors such as the size of competitors the number of competitors, changes in demand for products, asset specificity, the strength of exit barriers and competitor variety and is generally considered to be the most powerful force. Comp etitive tactics employed by one firm may affect the entire industry (Mayo, Grigoroudis and Zopoundis, 2006).Pressure from substitute products affects the industry by imposing an artificial price ceiling. Decreases in customer switching costs and increases in the price of substitute products are causes of competitive pressure. The threat of substitutes varies inversely to the price of substitute products and consumers switching costs (Mayo, Grigoroudis and Zopoundis, 2006).The bargaining power of suppliers affects competition particularly when there are many, limited substitutes for raw materials exist, or when switching costs increase. When suppliers raise prices, or reduce prices or services or the quality of goods or services, competition intensifies. When suppliers reduce quality or services or increase prices, competition increases (Mayo, Grigoroudis and Zopoundis, 2006).Buyers affect competition when they are able to negotiate lower prices, distribution and quality. The number and concentration of consumers and product specialization are influences. Switching costs and the power of buyers to backwards integrate are factors as well (Mayo, Grigoroudis and Zopoundis, 2006).High entry (and exit) barriers are a deterrent to companies seeking to enter new industries. New entrants alter the competitive climate by increasing capacity and competition for market share and by adding new resources. institution barriers may take the form of capital requirements, economies of scale, product differentiation, switching costs, access to distribution channels, cost of promotion and advertising, and so on (Mayo, Grigoroudis and Zopoundis, 2006, p. 835).Porters model is versatile, popular and widely used. From banking to brewing, numerous examples of studies conducted using Porters model to analyze the competitive climate of a variety of industries can be found easily. Several of these are summarized below.Finnish publicationIn a study investigating the effect of the intern et on the consumer Finnish magazine publishing industry using Porters five forces model (Ellonen, Kuivalainen et al., 2008) conducted semi-structured interviews of octet industry experts. The researchers identified specific examples of some of the forces shaping competition within that industry. They chose Porters model as the vehicle for their analysis because it is a useful tool for examining the industry structure and assists in the analysis of industry competitiveness.They celebrated that the internet had intensified rivalries among competitors by making proprietary information and that competitors habitually benchmarked each others websites. Financing and support functions were recognized as barriers to entry. As for the treat of substitute products and services, the most significant threat was identified as the internet itself because it offers readers alternative ways to spend their leisure time and their money. Notably, however, neither the bargaining power of buyers (both consumers and advertisers) nor the bargaining power of suppliers was considered a significant hazard.Online bankingSmith (2006) studied the online banking industry and, like the authors in the study of the Finnish publishing industry, used Porters five forces model to identify the strategic forces affecting the industry. Smith chose Porters model because it provides clarity, ease of understanding, and is insightful when examining a complicated and complex issue like strategic management.Smith noted that economies of scale and product differentiation, capital requirements, limited distribution channels, and government regulation were substantial barriers to entry in online banking. Conversely, the bargaining power of suppliers is relatively weak as is the bargaining power of buyers, chiefly due to the low-cost or free nature of online banking services. Pressure from substitute products is considerable. traditional banking offers customers a personal touch and some do feel online ser vices are secure enough. Other substitute products are credit unions, ATMs and other fiscal institutions and credit card companies. Not surprisingly, Smith found that competition is intense in the online banking industry. This is largely due to the increasing popularity of computers the internet with each successive genesis and the cost savings gained from using online services.European beerNiederhut-Bollmann and Theuvsen (2008), in yet another example of the versatility of Porters model, analyzed the dynamic competitive environment of the European (German and Croatian) brewing industry. Niederhut-Bollmann and Theuvsen chose Porters model, they say, because it is powerful, thorough, and provides a flexible framework for this type of analysis. The authors of this study provided a detailed look at the competitive forces affecting both the German and Croatian brewing industries. Moreover, they offered an commodious analysis of the generic strategies which various breweries had adapte d in order to position themselves in the face of the industrys competitive pressures.Porters Generic StrategiesPorter postulated three generic or broad alternative strategies which may be pursued as a response to the competitive pressures. They are termed generic strategies because they are broadly applicable to any industry or business. They are differentiation, cost leadership, and focus. A focus strategy may be further defined as cost focus, differentiation focus, or cost and differentiation focus (Ormanidhi Stringa, 2009).A differentiation strategy may be based on actual unique product features or the perception thereof, conveyed through the use of advertising and marketing tactics, in the eyes customers. Obviously, the product or service feature must be one the customer needs or desires. Moreover, such enhanced features and designs or advertising and marketing will increase costs, and customers must be price-insensitive willing to requital for the differentiated product or s ervice. This willingness to pay for the differentiated product of service is what provides the company relief from competitive pressure, cost pressure specifically. Firms pursuing a cost leadership strategy must make lower production and distribution costs their priority (Thomas, J., 2006).By keeping their cost lowers than those of their competitors, firms using cost leadership can still price their products up to the level of their competitors and still maintain higher gross profit margins. Alternatively, these firms can price their products lower than those of their competitors in the hope of achieving greater market share and sales volume at the expense of gross profit margins (Thomas, J., 2006). A focus strategy is based on a particular market, customer, product, or geographic.A Focus strategy is a concentrated, narrowly cerebrate niche strategy (Mayo, D., Grigoroudis, E. Zopoundis, C., 2006). It will normally be employed by teensyer companies or slim target markets. Product s and services may be customized to the extent that customers are allowed input throughout all stages of production.European brewingIn the case of European breweries mentioned above, Niederhut-Bollmann and Theuvsen (2008) noted that one German brewer used a cost leadership strategy to undercut larger competitors prices by as much as 50 percent. Another brewer used national brands to increase customer loyalty in a differentiation strategy. Klosterbrauerei Neuzelle, founded in 1589, uses traditional brewing techniques for a small local market, a focus strategy. The authors note that although Porter, in his original work, warned that a firm should choose one specific strategy, he later (2001) accepted that a hybrid strategy (lower operating costs and premium prices) may be appropriate.Japanese industryAllen, Helms, Takeda, White, (2007) studied the use of Porters generic strategies in Japanese firms. According to the authors, the traditional trend of Japanese management in which all employees of a company share risks and gains of the operation layoffs are a last resort, even during economic crises and lifetime employment with a single company is expected, is often cited as a primary cause of the ongoing Japanese recession (p. 70).Recently the Japanese government implemented the Porter Prize in an attempt to spur cash advance in the competitiveness of Japanese industry. Several small and medium-sized forms have receive the prize presumably due to their strategy of operating in niche markets, a focus strategy. Larger corporations, those who operate under the keiretsu, or lineage system have not substantially participated in the program arguably due to the characteristic inability to react to change and over-reliance on a group decision-making style inherent in the keiretsu system. The authors believe that encouraging Japanese firms to vie for the Porter Prize will enable those firms to become accustomed to employing competitive strategies and become more profit able.Michael Porters Five Forces Model is still popular today due to its broad applicability and because it is easy to use. Competitive Strategy laid the foundation for the Positioning School of strategic management philosophy. Porters Five Forces Model and his generic strategies have substantially influenced strategic management thought for the last thirty years and will doubtlessly continue to do so.The Value Chain ModelIn 1985, Porter followed up and built upon his Competitive Strategy with Competitive Advantage. In Competitive Advantage, Porter developed the concept of a sustainable advantage and introduced his Value Chain Model. Porter referred to his own model as an activity-based view because used the activities of the firm to analyze the organizations competitive advantage.Value, Porter said, was defined as the sum thorough that a buyer is willing to pay for what the firm produces or delivers and is measured as total revenue or price times the number of units sold. Economic ally speaking, the firms measure out must exceed its costs, or it is not considered profitable. Competitive analyses, therefore, must be focused on those cling to-generating activities which influence the companys costs and provide a means for strategic differentiation (Patnaik and Sahoo, 2009).The mensurate chain, according to Porter, is part of the larger grade system comprised of the individual value chains of industry suppliers, constituent firms, distributers and buyers (Patnaik and Sahoo, 2009). Interestingly, the term value system has been as widely accepted as value chain has the term industry value chain is more popular (Dommisse and Oosthuizen, 2004). The purpose of the value chain model, according to Porter, was to systematically examine all the activities a firm performs and how they interact (as cited in McPhee Wheeler, 2006).Sheehan and Foss (2009) undertook to examine the intellectual underpinnings of the theory Porter laid out in Competitive Advantage. They note Porters proposal that the true value of the firm was not its products or services, but the aggregate value of the chain of individual activities that went into the production process and the only way to identify a means of identifying potential sources of competitive advantage was to examine the firm in terms of these activities. They summarized the key characteristics of Porters activity-based model.The unit of analysis was the activities the firm performed. The value chain focuses on the business or industry level. action mechanism drivers cost and value drivers play a key role. Activity drivers are the factors that are the firm can influence in order to position the firm as either low cost or differentiator compared to ones competitors. Activities were categorized as either primary or supporting activities. Primary activities were defined as those which directly create customer value. Primary activities are related to production and sales of the product, delivery of the produ ct, and after-market sales (Value Chain, 2005).StructurePrimary activitiesInbound logistics comprises those activities involved in receiving, storing, handling, and distributing materials to the manufacturing or operations department. Manufacturing activities include those activities involved in converting the inputs received into the final product. Outbound logistics activities are those activities which are involved in the shipping, storage, and final distribution of the end product. Marketing and sales activities are those which are aimed at persuading the customer to buy and pay for the product, e.g., advertising, promotion and pricing. Finally, service activities include all activities concerned with maintaining or enhancing the value of the delivered product such as installation and repair services (Value Chain, 2005). software documentationing activitiesSupport activities serve to enhance the value (create added value) already created by the primary activities. Support activi ties include corporate structure, human resources, technology development, and purchasing. Corporate structure includes those activities related to management including planning, financial and accounting, legal, public relations, and quality management. Human resources activities include recruitment and hiring, training, and pay and benefits. Technology development involves R D functions such as new product development and design. Purchasing encompasses activities relate to the procurement of supplies and raw materials.The models popularityPorters model is indisputably popular. Ormanidhi and Stringa (2009) examined Porters model in comparison to several other strategies Structure-Conduct-Performance, the New Industrial Organization and Game Theory, the Resource-Based Perspective, and Market Process Economics.The authors cite as proof a study that found Porters Competitive Strategy referenced in nearly half of the articles published in the Strategic Management Journal from 1986 to 1 990. They believe Porters model is a most apt methodology for competitive analysis for several reasons. Porters model is most suitable because of its well-defined structure it provides an analytical framework of definite criteria. Porters value chain model is practically suited for empirical analysis because it facilitates the comparison of firms and analysis of their competitive performance. Another reason Ormanidhi and Stringa mention for their preference of Porters model is its conceptual clarity its terminology is consistent and easily understandable. Furthermore Also, Porters model complements other strategies such as game theory and the resource-based model. The last reason is inherent in Porters definition, that is, it is a generic strategy that is sufficiently general that it is applicable to various types of industries such as service and manufacturing firms.ManufacturingWhite and Pearson (2001) proposed in a study of the manufacturing value chain using the JIT concept and technological advances related to systems integration, the establishment of customer service levels on par with overall management objectives in order to improve organizational performance. They used Porters value chain model to demonstrate how the application of JIT systems throughout the manufacturing process enables the organization to integrate its activities in a continuous improvement process. In each stage of the Porter model, primary activities and support activities, the authors illustrate how the application of JIT techniques can optimize the manufacturing process.RetailDommisse and Oosthuizen (2004), utilized Porters model in a study of the U.K. retail life insurance industry and introduced an evolutionary a concept referred to as value chain deconstruction which, they say, is gaining acceptance. Based on Porters model, value chain deconstruction theory is largely a result of the proliferation of new technologies and regulatory measures. Analysts, they declare, have obser ved components of the traditional value chain fragmenting to form new or merge with other industries. This relatively new, conceptual models main advantage, according to the authors, is that it clearly highlights the areas in the value chain where the traditional strategies of differentiation, cost leadership and focus can be applied (p. 18). Thus, Porters model persists as the foundation of new and emerging concepts of strategic management.The field of strategic management is complex and various definitions have been proposed based on the different aspects of organizational infrastructure. One means of organizing the numerous schools of thought was proposed by Mintzberg, Ahlstrand and Lampel (as cited in Sadler, 2003, p. 15) who described three major groups labeled the Prescriptive, Descriptive, and Configurational Schools. Michael Porter, renowned scholar, author, advisor, and recipient of a myriad of rewards for his work, laid the foundation of the Positioning School, which falls into the Prescriptive Group.Porters is best known for the theories illuminated in his 1980 work Competitive Strategy Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors in which he presented his Fve Forces Model five elements that affect an industrys profitability, and his generic strategies which are intended to counter those forces. In The Competitive Advantage Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, published in 1985, Porter developed his Value Chain Model, a framework for activity-based competitive analysis of a firm.These two monumental works have influenced academe and management since their inception. Widely popular and broadly used, these prescient theories have influenced strategic management philosophy the world over. Across the spectrum of industry types, from Japan to Europe, the impact of Porters works is indisputable. Undoubtedly, Michael Porters influence will continue to be felt in the halls of business for years to come.